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Vitamin B6 Deficiency Polyneuropathy and Dermatitis

2022; Elsevier BV; Volume: 136; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1016/j.amjmed.2022.09.009

1555-7162

Hajime Yasuda, Yasunobu Hoshino, Jun Ando, Mayu Miyachi, Monami Osawa, Nobutaka Hattori, Miki Ando,

Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis

A 76-year-old man with an 8-month history of suspected statis dermatitis was admitted to our institution because of weakness and painful dysesthesias in the hands and feet. A sensory-motor type polyneuropathy was evident in a stocking-and-glove distribution, and nerve conduction studies confirmed these clinical findings. Polyneuropathy was worse in the lower extremities, and he was unable to walk. Extensive testing including brain magnetic resonance imaging, spinal magnetic resonance imaging, and cerebral spinal fluid examinations were nondiagnostic. Subsequently, serum vitamin B6 (VB6) levels were found to be low at 3.5 ng/mL (normal values: 6.0-40.0 ng/mL for males). Oral supplementation with 60 mg/d of pyridoxal phosphate hydrate (PPH) was initiated, and 1 week later, VB6 levels rose to 39.3 ng/mL, and drastic improvements of polyneuropathy and dermatitis were observed. On a numerical rating scale, the painful dysesthesias in the lower extremities improved from 8 out of 10 to 3 out of 10 after 1 week of PPH administration, and to 0 out of 10 at 5 weeks after PPH administration. The patient was wheelchair-bound on admission but became able to walk unaided within 3 weeks after initiation of PPH. As for dermatitis, a clear regression of the brown-reddish pigmentations was observed (Figure). VB6 is essential as a cofactor in approximately 150 enzymatic reactions, and thus, deficiency can lead to diverse clinical manifestations, including dermatitis, polyneuropathy, anemia, seizures, stomatitis, and glossitis.1Calderon-Ospina CA Nava-Mesa MO. B vitamins in the nervous system: Current knowledge of the biochemical modes of action and synergies of thiamine, pyridoxine, and cobalamin.CNS Neurosci Ther. 2020; 26: 5-13Crossref PubMed Scopus (141) Google Scholar,2Yasuda H Furukawa Y Nishioka K et al.Vitamin B6 deficiency as a cause of polyneuropathy in POEMS syndrome: rapid recovery with supplementation in two cases.Hematology. 2022; 27: 463-468Crossref PubMed Scopus (2) Google Scholar We demonstrate that the clinical picture of VB6 deficiency dermatitis can closely mimic statis dermatitis. Furthermore, statis dermatitis is basically a clinical diagnosis,3Sundaresan S Migden MR Silapunt S. Stasis dermatitis: pathophysiology, evaluation, and management.Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017; 18: 383-390Crossref PubMed Scopus (60) Google Scholar and we speculate that many cases of VB6 deficiency dermatitis are misdiagnosed as statis dermatitis. Meanwhile, VB6 deficiency polyneuropathy is as observed in the presented case typically sensory-motor, symmetrical, stocking-and-glove distribution, and more severe in the lower extremities. However, none of these features are specific to VB6 deficiency polyneuropathy. On top of this, approximately 40% of neuropathies of patients older than age 80 have been reported to be of unknown etiology,4Brisset M Nicolas G. Peripheral neuropathies and aging.Geriatr Psychol Neuropsychiatr Vieil. 2018; 16: 409-413PubMed Google Scholar and a significant number of VB6 deficiency polyneuropathy cases are most probably included. VB6 deficiency is known to occur under situations such as malabsorption due to bowel disease and resection, alcoholism, eating disorders, hemodialysis, pregnancy, and administration of certain drugs (eg, isoniazid, cycloserine, and penicillamine).2Yasuda H Furukawa Y Nishioka K et al.Vitamin B6 deficiency as a cause of polyneuropathy in POEMS syndrome: rapid recovery with supplementation in two cases.Hematology. 2022; 27: 463-468Crossref PubMed Scopus (2) Google Scholar The patient harbored none of these traits, and the cause of VB6 deficiency was unknown. However, the elderly, as the patient was, are known to be at higher risk of VB6 deficiency due to decreased food consumption, decreased absorption, increased catabolism, and impaired phosphorylation. In fact, a study of elderly nursing home patients demonstrated that approximately half of the participants had VB6 deficiency.5Kjeldby IK Fosnes GS Ligaarden SC Farup PG. Vitamin B6 deficiency and diseases in elderly people–a study in nursing homes.BMC Geriatr. 2013; 13: 13Crossref PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar VB6 deficiency, statis dermatitis, and polyneuropathy are all prevalent in the elderly.3Sundaresan S Migden MR Silapunt S. Stasis dermatitis: pathophysiology, evaluation, and management.Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017; 18: 383-390Crossref PubMed Scopus (60) Google Scholar, 4Brisset M Nicolas G. Peripheral neuropathies and aging.Geriatr Psychol Neuropsychiatr Vieil. 2018; 16: 409-413PubMed Google Scholar, 5Kjeldby IK Fosnes GS Ligaarden SC Farup PG. Vitamin B6 deficiency and diseases in elderly people–a study in nursing homes.BMC Geriatr. 2013; 13: 13Crossref PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar VB6 oral supplementation promptly improved both dermatitis and polyneuropathy in the presented case, and VB6 deficiency is an important but most probably underrecognized cause of dermatitis and polyneuropathy of the elderly. Testing for VB6 deficiency should be included in the routine workup when examining patients with unknown etiology dermatitis or polyneuropathy.