An Analysis of the Post-370 Revocation Trends in Kashmir: Issues and Concerns
2022; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 46; Issue: 5 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/09700161.2022.2120753
ISSN1754-0054
Autores Tópico(s)Conflict, Peace, and Violence in Colombia
ResumoAbstractThis article is an exploratory study of social, political, economic, governance, and militancy-related trends in the Kashmir region after the abrogation of Article 370 (5 August 2019), i.e., Jammu and Kashmir’s special status, and based on that, makes a strategic forecast about the overall security situation in Kashmir. However, the period of two years and ten months is not sufficient to undertake a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the impact of abrogating Article 370 in the aforementioned domains; hence this article limits its scope to an analytical review of the developments in the last two-and-a-half years. Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. Kaisar Andrabi, “A Year Ater 370’s End, a Dangerous Silence in Kashmir,” The Diplomat, 4 August 2020 at https://thediplomat.com/2020/08/a-year-after-article-370s-end-a-dangerous-silence-in-kashmir/ (Accessed 14 February 2022).2. PTI, “Stone Pelting Incidents in J&K Declined by 87.13% in 2020: DGP,” Economic Times, 2 January 2021 at https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/stone-pelting-incidents-in-jk-dropped-by-87-13-in-2020-dgp/articleshow/80075744.cms?from=mdr (Accessed 14 February 2022).3. K. Prabhasha Dutta, “Article 370 has not been Scrapped. What does Modi Govt. Move on Kashmir Mean?” India Today, 5 August 2019 at https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/article-370-has-not-been-scrapped-what-does-modi-govt-move-on-kashmir-mean-1577411–2019-08-05 (Accessed 12 February 2022).4. The Gazette of India, “Jammu-Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019,” 9 August 2019, Accessed14 February 2022 at https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210407.pdf.5. Ibid.6. Ibid.7. TNN, “How J&K’s Special Status was Diluted Over the Years?” Times of India, 6 August 2019, Accessed 12 February 2022 at https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-jks-special-status-was-diluted-over-the-years/articleshow/70547866.cms.8. Express News Service, “Explained: When Jammu and Kashmir had its Prime Minister and Sadr—Riyasat,” Indian Express, 15 April 2019, Accessed: 12 February 2022 at https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/when-jammu-kashmir-had-its-own-prime-minister-and-sadr-e-riyasat-5675554/.9. For details, please see- Bashir Assad, ”K-File- The Conspiracy of Silence,” Vitasta Publishing, August 2019, Accessed 8 February 2021 at https://www.amazon.in/K-FILE-Bashir-Assad/dp/9386473690.10. Ibid.11. Detailed exploration of how Article 370 shielded the trio of separatism, Islamism, terrorism, corruption, and poor governance is beyond the scope of this article. However, interested readers may refer to this author’s “Radicalisation in India: An Exploration, Pentagon, 2019,” “Terror Financing in Kashmir”, National Security, IVivekananda International Foundation, and Bashir Assad’s “K-File-The Conspiracy of Silence.” This author’s upcoming book on terror financing in Kashmir also dissects the subject in detail.12. Due to security reasons, the interlocutors’ identity is kept confidential. To study this issue in detail, please refer to this author’s paper, “Kashmir Militancy After 370: An Assessment of Pakistan’s Proxy War,” published by CLAWS.13. Abhinav Pandya, “Review of Developments Post the Abrogation of Article 370,” Vivekananda International Foundation (VIF), October 2019, Accessed 8 February 2021 at https://www.vifindia.org/sites/default/files/J-and-k-Review-of-Developments-Post-the-Abrogation-of-Article-370.pdf.14. R.M. Chaturvedi, ” Article 370 Cause of Corruption and Terrorism,” Economic Times, 6 August 2019, Accessed 14 February 2022 at https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/article-370-cause-of-corruption-and-terrorism-amit-shah/articleshow/70546744.cms.15. Press Information Bureau, Government Brings Resolution to Repeal Article 370 of the Constitution,” 5 August 2019, Accessed 14 February 2022 at https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192487. Also see India Today Web Desk, “Scrapping of Article 370 and 35 A Big Milestone for Unity and Integrity of India: Amit Shah,” India Today, 16 August 2019, Accessed 14 February 2022 at https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/scrapping-of-article-370-and-35a-big-milestone-for-the-unity-integrity-of-india-amit-shah-1581473–2019-08-16.16. R.M. Chaturvedi, no. 14.17. For details, refer to this author’s, “Turkey’s Islamist Agenda in India,” Vivekananda International Foundation, February 2020, Accessed 18 April 2022 at https://www.vifindia.org/sites/default/files/turkey-s-islamist-agenda-in-india.pdf.18. “UN Security Council discusses Kashmir, China urges India and Pakistan to ease tensions,” UN News, 16 August 2020, Accessed 14 February 2022 at : https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/08/1044401.19. Pariapani and Sawhney, “A Primer on US and EU Response to India’s Abrogation of Article 370,” ORF, October 2020, Accessed 14 February 2022 at https://www.orfonline.org/research/a-primer-on-us-and-eu-response-to-indias-abrogation-of-article-370/.20. Abhinav Pandya, “Review of Developments Post the Abrogation of Article 370,” VIF, October 2019, Accessed: 14 February 2022 at https://www.vifindia.org/sites/default/files/J-and-k-Review-of-Developments-Post-the-Abrogation-of-Article-370.pdf.21. Ibid.22. Ayaz Wani, “Life in Kashmir After Article 370,” ORF, 28 January 2020, Accessed 14 February 2022 at https://www.orfonline.org/research/life-in-kashmir-after-article-370-60785/.23. Nayanima Basu, “US Media was Ideological About Article 370, didn’t Know it was Temporary: Jaishankar, “The Print, 21 October 2019, Accessed 18 June 2022; US media was ideological about Article 370, didn’t know it was temporary: Jaishankar (theprint.in).24. “Darkest Day, Uproar as India Strips Kashmir of its Special Status,” Al Jazeera, 5 August 2019, Accessed 18 June 2022; ‘Darkest day’: Uproar as India strips Kashmir of special status | News | Al Jazeera.25. “India is Making a Mistake in Kashmir,” Bloomberg, 8 August 2019, Accessed 18 June 2022; Article 370: India Is Making a Mistake in Kashmir - Bloomberg.26. S. Bengali, Z. Iqbal, “India Revokes Kashmir’s Limited Autonomy, Raising Tensions in the Long Turbulent Region,” Los Angeles Times, 5 August 2019, Accessed 18 June 2022 at India revokes Kashmir’s limited autonomy - Los Angeles Times (latimes.com).27. Nandita Singh, “How Foreign Media Coverage of Kashmir Crisis has become Headache for Modi Government?” The Print, 29 October 2019, Accessed 18 June 2022 at : How foreign media coverage of Kashmir crisis has become a headache for Modi govt (theprint.in).28. Ibid.29. Ibid.30. Ibid.31. “Human Rights in South Asia: Views from the State Department and the Region,” House Foreign Affairs Committee, 22 October 2019, Accessed 18 June 2022 at Human Rights in South Asia: Views from the State Department and the Region - Hearings & Briefings - House Foreign Affairs Committee.32. The Wire Staff, “In a Congressional Hearing, US Lawmakers Critical of India’s Actions in Kashmir,” The Wire, 23 October 2019, Accessed 18 June 2022 at In Congressional Hearing, US Lawmakers Critical of India’s Actions in Kashmir (thewire.in).33. “No Shortage of Essential Items in J&K, Curbs Saved Lives, Guv Malik,” Hindustan Times, 21 June 2020, Accessed 11 February 2022 at https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/phone-restrictions-helped-save-lives-in-jammu-kashmir-governor-satya-pal-malik/story-YSNWksjorJcx1ss4Ev3M4K.html.34. Abhinav Pandya, no. 20.35. N. Shantanu Sharma, “Life After 370: Beyond the Silence of Kashmir Valley,” Economic Times, 11 August 2019, Accessed 12 February 2022 at https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/life-after-370-is-a-silent-crisis-simmering-in-kashmir/articleshow/70622668.cms.36. Based on the author’s interviews with Majid Hyderi, Bashir Assad and Ahmad Fayaaz, Sajid Yusuf, R.C. Ganjoo, Emad Makhdoomi (Kashmiri journalists), Mr. S.P. Pani (IGP Kashmir during the 370 abrogation), Lt. Gen. K.J.S. Dhillon, (Retd.) Corps Commander, Srinagar-based 15 Corps (Corps Commander during the 370 revocation), Imtiyaz Hussain (JKP), Ashiq Hussain (JKP), Baseer Khan, Farukh Khan (both Advisors to the Lt. Governor, J&K after 370 revocation, Baseer Khan also served as Divisional Commissioner during the abrogation of Article 370 and after), Ahmed Tausif, Sultan Zahid, Irshad (Students of Kashmir University), Nadir Ali (Director, CPJ, Srinagar-based NGO), and about a dozen other politicians, journalists, intelligence officers who requested anonymity.37. Hakim Irfan, “Burhan Wani Incident Shows Homegrown Militancy is Back After a Long Hiatus,” Economic Times, 2 August 2016, Accessed 12 February 2022 at https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/burhan-wani-incident-shows-that-homegrown-militancy-is-back-after-a-prolonged-hiatus/articleshow/53242360.cms?from=mdr.38. South Asia Terrorism Portal.39. Shakir Mir, “Why Zakir Musa, Voice of New Extremism in Kashmir, Survived as Long as He Did?” The Wire, 25 May 2019, Accessed 7 February 2021 at https://thewire.in/security/zakir-musa-new-extremism-kashmir-killed.40. Abhinav Pandya, “Militancy in Kashmir: A Study,” VIF, March 2019, Accessed 5 February 2021 at https://www.vifindia.org/paper/2019/march/14/Militancy-in-Kashmir-A-Study.41. Abhinav Pandya, “Review of the Governor’s Rule in J&K and the Way Forward,” VIF, 23 November 2019, Accessed 12 February 2022 at https://www.vifindia.org/article/2019/january/21/review-of-governor-s-rule-in-jandk-and-the-way-forward.42. Abhinav Pandya, “Radicalization in India: An Exploration,” VIF, Pentagon Press, March 2019, Accessed5 February 2021 at https://www.amazon.in/Radicalization-India-Exploration-Abhinav-Pandya/dp/8194163463 .43. Nirupama Subrahmaniam, “Explained: LoC Trade, in Perspective,” Indian Express, 22 April 2019, Accessed 5 February 2021 at https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-pakistan-loc-trade-ban-suspended-jammu-kashmir-5687393/.44. After the BJP withdrew its support from the Mehbooba Mufti-led BJP-PDP coalition government, Governor Satya Pal Malik dissolved the Assembly in November 2018, after which President’s Rule was imposed in which Governor was the highest state-level authority on behalf of the President of India.45. A. Ali Fayyaz, “Downward Trend in Stone-Pelting Suggests NIA Raids have Hit Home,” The Quint, 8 September 2017, Accessed 12 February 2022 at https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/nia-raids-affecting-stone-pelting-kashmir.46. Abhinav Pandya, “Review of the Governor’s Rule in J&K and the Way Forward,” VIF, 23 November 2019, Accessed 12 February 2022 at https://www.vifindia.org/article/2019/january/21/review-of-governor-s-rule-in-jandk-and-the-way-forward.47. M. Hyderi, “Scam Worth Crores Unearths in SMC,” Greater Kashmir, 14 March 2015, Accessed 13 February 2022 at https://www.greaterkashmir.com/srinagar/scam-worth-crores-unearths-in-smc.48. Nazir Masoodi, “In India’s Biggest Arms Licenses Scam, J&K District Magistrates in CBI Dragnet,” NDTV, 14 July 2021, Accessed 14 February 2022 at https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/j-k-district-chiefs-involved-in-indias-biggest-arms-licence-scam-cbi-2493882.49. Safwat Zargar, “What Exactly is the Land Scam in Which Kashmiri Parties are Implicated?” Scroll.in, 4 December 2020, Accessed 15 February 2021 at https://scroll.in/article/980114/what-exactly-is-the-land-scam-in-which-kashmiri-parties-are-implicated.50. Based on the author’s interviews with Srinagar-based senior officials from central and state intelligence agencies.51. Special Correspondent, “Local Militants Feeling the Heat in Kashmir Valley,” The Hindu, 25 November 2021, Accessed 14 February 2022 at https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/local-militants-feeling-the-heat-in-kashmir-valley/article37667705.ece.52. I. Hakim Rashid, “225 Militants Killed in 103 Operations Across Jammu and Kashmir in 2020, Says DGP,” Economic Times, 1 January 2021, Accessed 14 February 2022 at https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/225-militants-killed-in-103-operations-across-jammu-and-kashmir-in-2020-says-dgp/articleshow/80055488.cms?from=mdr.53. Nivedita Singh, “Ceasefire Violation by Pakistan Lowest in Four Years in 2021: Home Ministry Data,” News18, 3 August 2021, Accessed 14 February 2022 at https://www.news18.com/news/india/ceasefire-violation-by-pakistan-lowest-in-four-years-in-2021-home-ministry-data-4040708.html.54. A. Ali Fayyaz, no. 45.55. PTI, “184 Ultras Killed in J&K, 44 of Top Rung, 20 Foreigners Among Them: DGP,” The Hindu, 31 December 2021, Accessed 14 February 2022 at https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/184-ultras-killed-in-jk-in-2021-44-of-top-rung-20-foreigners-among-them-dgp/article38079703.ece.56. Anees Zargar, “Over 100 Militants Killed in Kashmir in Less than Six Months in 2022,” Newsclick, 14 June 2022, Accessed 17 June 2022; Over 100 Militants Killed in Kashmir in Less Than 6 Months in 2022 | NewsClick.57. Ibid.58. SATP, Accessed 17 June 2022: Terrorism Assessment, Jammu & Kashmir (satp.org).59. Ibid.60. Ibid.61. Anees Zargar, no. 56.62. I. Hakim Rashid, no. 52.63. Special Correspondent, “Local Militants Feeling the Heat in Kashmir Valley,” The Hindu, 25 November 2021, Accessed 14 February 2022 at https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/local-militants-feeling-the-heat-in-kashmir-valley/article37667705.ece.64. Irfan Yatoo, “More Focus on to Reduce Militant Recruitment this Year: Officials,” Rising Kashmir, 5 February 2022, Accessed 14 February 2022 at https://www.risingkashmir.com/-More-focus-on-to-reduce-militant-recruitment-this-year–Officials-100239.65. Nivedita Singh, no. 53.66. SATP, Accessed 17 June 2022; Terrorism Assessment, Jammu & Kashmir (satp.org).67. Based on the author’s interview with Farzan (name changed), finance handler of Lashkar-e-Taiba. His father was closely associated with Jamaat-i-Islami in Pakistan and managed their finances. Farzan regularly interacts with the senior Pakistan army generals and the officers of Section 26 (Kashmir Desk).68. KTT.69. Shishir Gupta, “From Pak’s Terror Factories 450 Reach Launch Pads to Enter Kashmir,” Hindustan Times, 26 April 2020, Accessed 14 February 2021 at https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pakistan-hasn-t-let-covid-19-halt-terror-factories-raises-mobilisation-at-launch-pads/story-4df2yg5EzNoQ0Ko36hHmDI.html.70. Ibid.71. SATP, Accessed 17 June 2022; at Terrorism Assessment, Jammu & Kashmir (satp.org).72. PTI, “182 Terrorists Killed in 100 Successful Operations in J-K in 2021,” Economic Times, 31 December 2021, Accessed 14 February 2022 at https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/182-terrorists-killed-in-100-successful-operations-in-j-k-in-2021-dgp-dilbag-singh/articleshow/88612499.cms?from=mdr.73. S. Tejinder Sodhi, “Around 300 Terrorists from Pakistan Launch Pads Trying to Infiltrate into J&K, Dilbag Singh, Says,” CNN-News18, 10 August 2021, Accessed 17 June 2022; Around 300 Terrorists from Pakistan Launch Pads Trying to Infiltrate into J&K, Dilbag Singh Says (news18.com).74. ANI, “Weapons left by US military in Afghanistan found with terrorists killed in Kashmir, Afghan terrorists reaching LoC to infiltrate into India: Army official,” OPIndia, 19 February 2022, Accessed 17 June 2022 at Weapons left by US in Afghanistan found with terrorists killed in Kashmir (opindia.com).75. Scroll Staff, “Jammu and Kashmir: Pakistan Using Drones to Drop Weapons Across LoC for Terrorists, says Police,” Scroll, 22 September 2020, Accessed 12 February 2021 at https://scroll.in/latest/973807/jammu-and-kashmir-pakistan-using-drones-to-drop-weapons-across-loc-for-terrorists-say-police.76. Samaan Latif, “How “Sticky Bombs” could Impact Kashmir Insurgency?” DW News, 2 March 2021, Accessed 17 June 2022 at How ′sticky bombs′ could impact Kashmir insurgency | Asia | An in-depth look at news from across the continent | DW | 02.03.2021.77. Based on the author’s interview with Abu Hamza (code name), a former HM commander, who trained in Khost (Afghanistan) in 1997. In the post-Burhan unrest, Abu Hamza ran one of the biggest OGW networks and smuggled 300 AK 47 and other kinds of ammunition, which he distributed in South Kashmir. In 2020, he was arrested by the NIA, however, he is updated with the latest developments in Afghanistan and Pakistan after the US withdrawal. He gave this interview on the condition of anonymity so only his code name has been mentioned.78. Idris Lone, “US Army Weapons Left in Afghanistan Makes its Way to Kashmir, Terror Group Releases Video,” WION, 20 January 2022, Accessed 17 June 2022 at US army weapon left in Afghanistan makes its way to Kashmir; Terror group releases video - India News (wionews.com).79. ANI, “Weapons left by US military in Afghanistan found with terrorists killed in Kashmir, Afghan terrorists reaching LoC to infiltrate into India: Army official,” OPIndia, 19 February 2022, Accessed 17 June 2022 at Weapons left by US in Afghanistan found with terrorists killed in Kashmir (opindia.com).80. Zulfiqar Majid, “Narco Terror Emerges as Major Concern for Agencies in Jammu and Kashmir,” Deccan Herald, 15 April 2021, Accessed 13 February 2022 at https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/narco-terror-emerges-as-major-concern-for-agencies-in-jammu-and-kashmir-974482.html.81. Ibid.82. Manish Shukla, “Terrorists in J&K Jittery After Attack on Hizbul Mujahiddin Chief Syed Salahuddin in Pakistan,” Zee News, 30 May 2020, Accessed 14 February 2021 at https://zeenews.india.com/jammu-and-kashmir/terrorists-in-jk-jittery-after-attack-on-hizbul-mujahideen-chief-syed-salahuddin-in-pakistan-2286907.html.83. Abhinav Pandya, “Kashmir Militancy After 370: An Assessment of Pakistan’s Proxy War,” CLAWS Journal 14 (1), 30 June 2021, Accessed 12 February 2022; at https://ojs.indrastra.com/index.php/clawsjournal/issue/view/25.84. Tariq Bhat, “Kashmir Faces New Threat in the Form of TRF: A New Group of Lashkar in Disguise,” The Week, 9 June 2020, Accessed 14 February 2021 at https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/06/09/kahsmir-faces-new-threat-in-face-of-trf-a-new-group-or-lashkar-in-disguise.html.85. Abhinav Pandya, no. 83.86. Shishir Gupta, “New J&K Terror Outfit Run by LeT Brass,” Hindustan Times, 8 May 2020, Accessed 16 February 2021 at https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-j-k-terror-outfit-run-by-let-brass-intel/story-wLZ5ACFQJMHVa8kt7weTPO.html.87. Abhinav Pandya, no. 83.88. PTI, “Pakistan trying to revive Al-Badr group; making attempts to hide its support to terrorism in J&K: DGP,” The Economic Times, 8 June 2020, Accessed 10 February 2021 at https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-trying-to-revive-al-badr-group-making-attempts-to-hide-its-support-to-terrorism-in-jk-dgp/articleshow/76263972.cms?from=mdr.89. Abhinav Pandya, “The Threat of Transnational Terrorist Groups in Kashmir.” Perspectives on Terrorism 14 (1), 2020, pp. 13-25. Accessed 13 February 2021. doi:10.2307/26891982.90. Ibid.91. PTI, no. 88.92. Surinder Sharma and Anshuman Behera, Militant Groups in South Asia, Pentagon Press LLP, 2014, Accessed 10 February 2021at https://idsa.in/system/files/book/book_militantgroups.pdf.93. The Taliban and AQ played an important role in the formation of Jaish. JeM chief Masood Azhar is the product of Madrasa Binoria in Karachi, which has produced many Taliban commanders, including Mullah Omar.94. Shishir Gupta, “Afghan Forces Intercept Taliban Fighters, Find Jaish Terrorists Training for Kashmir”, Hindustan Times, 16 April 2020, Accessed 10 February 2021 at https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/afghan-border-clash-with-taliban-exposes-jaish-terror-camps-for-kashmir/story-GyRErS9kvUzbYcq544s6bO.html.95. Ibid.96. Avik Roy, “Internal and Bilateral: Taliban ‘Clarifies’ Position on Kashmir,” Hindustan Times, 17 August 2021, Accessed 17 June 2022 at Internal, bilateral: Taliban ‘clarify’ position on Kashmir | Latest News India - Hindustan Times.97. D. Pratyush Kotoky, “Taliban won’t Interfere in Kashmir, Seeks Good Ties with India,” Newsbytes, 1 September 2021, Accessed 17 June 2022 at Taliban ‘won’t interfere in Kashmir’; seeks ‘good ties’ with India | NewsBytes (newsbytesapp.com).98. Tara Kartha, “Taliban leaders like Mullah Baradar have no real interest in Kashmir,” The Print, 23 August 2021, Accessed 17 June 2022 at Taliban leaders like Mullah Baradar have no real interest in Kashmir (theprint.in).99. Javeed Auqib, “Taliban won’t Get Involved in Kashmir,” Money Control, 15 July 2021, Accessed 17 June 2022 at Taliban won’t get involved in Kashmir: A.S. Dulat (moneycontrol.com).100. IANS, “We have the Right to Raise Our Voice for Muslims in Kashmir: Taliban,” Deccan Herald, 3 September 2021, Accessed 17 June 2022 at We have the right to raise our voice for Muslims in Kashmir: Taliban | Deccan Herald.101. IANS, Masood Azhar’s Brother Rauf Azhar Calls Mullah Baradar to Pledge Allegiance,” MSN, 21 August 2021, Accessed 17 June 2022 at Azhar Masood’s brother Rauf Azhar calls on Mullah Baradar to pledge allegiance (msn.com).102. Don Rassler, Al-Qaida and the Pakistani Harakat Movement: Reflections and Questions about the pre-2001 Period,” Perspectives on Terrorism, December 2017, Accessed 17 June 2022 at Al-Qaida and the Pakistani Harakat Movement: Reflections and Questions about the pre-2001 Period –Combating Terrorism Center at West Point.103. Stephen Tankel, Storming the World Stage: The Story of Lashkar-i-Taiba, C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, June 2011, Accessed 10 February 2021.104. Vijaita Singh, “Kabul Gurudwara Attack Mastermind Arrested,” The Hindu, 5 April 2020, Accessed 14 February 2021 at https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/kabul-gurdwara-attack-mastermind-arrested/article31260464.ece.105. Islam and Shakir, “Who are Kashmir’s Hybrid Militants?” Diplomat, 30 November 2021, Accessed 14 February 2022 at https://thediplomat.com/2021/11/who-are-kashmirs-hybrid-militants/.106. Ibid.107. Nazir Masoodi, “Kashmir Jeweler Killed by Terrorists Over Domicile Certificate: Cops,” NDTV, 2 January 2021, Accessed 15 February 2021 at https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kashmir-jeweller-killed-by-terrorists-over domicile-certificate-cops -2346700#: :text=Srinagar%3A,police%20sources%20said%20on%20Friday.&text=He%20was%20shot%20dead%20at%20a%20shop.108. Zulfiqar Majid, “Militants Shoot at Dhaba Owner’s Son in Srinagar,” Deccan Herald, 17 February 2021, Accessed 18 February 2021 at https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/militants-shoot-at-dhaba-owner-s-son-in-srinagar-952369.html.109. Based on the author’s interviews with residents of Shopian, Downtown Srinagar Pulwama, former Jamaat coordinators, and officials from the state CID.110. Manoj Gupta, “Joint Project by Jamaat-i-Islami and Muslim Brotherhood to Divert Kashmiris from the Sufi Path,” News18, 27 October 2021, Accessed 13 February 2022 at https://www.news18.com/news/india/joint-operation-by-jamaat-e-islami-and-muslim-brotherhood-to-divert-kashmiris-from-sufi-path-4366394.html.111. Based on the author’s interviews with residents of Shopian, Downtown Srinagar Pulwama, former Jamaat coordinators, and officials from the state CID.112. Vicky Nanjappa, “BDSM: Kashmir is the Next Start-up for Muslim Brotherhood,” One India, 31 January 2022, Accessed: 13 February 2022 at https://www.oneindia.com/india/bdsm-kashmir-is-the-next-startup-for-muslim-brotherhood-3365440.html.113. Based on the author’s interviews with residents of Shopian, Downtown Srinagar Pulwama, former Jamaat coordinators, and officials from the state CID.114. James M. Dorsey, “Kashmiri Nationalism Bringing Iran, Turkey, Saudi Together Overlooking the Sectarian Rivalry: Singapore Expert,” EurAsian Times, 30 July 2019, Accessed 14 February 2021 at https://eurasiantimes.com/kashmiri-nationalism-bringing-iran-turkey-saudi-together-overlooking-the-sectarian-rivalry-singapore-expert/.115. Based on the author’s interviews with Shia clerics, academicians, and police officers.116. Sajid Ali, “Teargassed, Restricted, Alienated- Stop Saying Shias in Kashmir are on Modi Government’s Side,” The Print, 1 October 2019, Accessed 14 February 2021 at https://theprint.in/opinion/teargassed-restricted-stop-saying-shias-kashmir-on-modi-side/299294/.117. Arpan Rai, “What Amit Shah Said on Jammu and Kashmir in Parliament: 10 Points,” Hindustan Times, 13 February 2021, Accessed 15 February 2021 at https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/what-amit-shah-said-on-jammu-and-kashmir-in-parliament-10-points-101613207499312.html.118. “Two Years Since Article 370 Abrogation: What has Changed in Jammu and Kashmir,” Times of India, 5 August 2021, Accessed 14 February 2022 at https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/two-years-since-article-370-abrogation-what-has-changed-in-jammu-kashmir/articleshow/85057707.cms.119. Ibid.120. Ibid.121. Ibid.122. Ibid.123. Peerzada Ashiq, “LG Sinha Announces INR 28,400 Crore Industrial Package for J&K,” The Hindu, 7 January 2021, Accessed 14 February 2021 at https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/l-g-sinha-announces-28400-crore-industrial-package-for-jk/article33518966.ece.124. Ibid.125. Khalid Sayyid Hussain, “Lt. Governor Manoj Sanctions Over 10,000 Cases Under B2V3 Self-Employment Program,” Zee News, 27 October 2020, Accessed 14 February 2021 at https://zeenews.india.com/india/lt-governor-manoj-sinha-sanctions-over-10000-cases-under-b2v3-self-employment-programme-2320471.html.126. “Two Years Since Article 370 Abrogation: What has Changed in Jammu and Kashmir,” Times of India, 5 August 2021, Accessed 14 February 2022; https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/two-years-since-article-370-abrogation-what-has-changed-in-jammu-kashmir/articleshow/85057707.cms.127. Ibid.128. Pia Krishnankutty, “J&K Signs MoU with Dubai for Industrial Parks, IT Towers as Modi Govt. Pushes for Industrial Development,” The Print, 18 October 2021, Accessed 14 February 2022 at https://theprint.in/diplomacy/jk-signs-mou-with-dubai-for-industrial-parks-it-towers-as-modi-govt-pushes-for-development/752714/.129. “UAE-based LuLu Group’s Rs 200 crore Investment MoU for JK Food Processing Hub, “New Indian Express, 7 January 2022, Accessed 14 February 2022 at https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jan/07/uae-based-lulu-groups-rs-200-crore-mou-for-jk-food-processing-hub-2404080.html.130. PTI, “Infrastructure in Jammu and Kashmir got Big Push Post Abrogation of Article 370: LG,” Business Standard, 25 November 2021 at https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/infra-development-in-j-k-got-big-push-post-abrogation-of-article-370-lg-121112500046_1.html.131. PTI, “50,000 Jobs for the Youth of J&K in the Next Three Months: Governor Satya Pal Malik,” Times of India, 28 August 2019, Accessed 14 February 2021 at https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/restrictions-necessary-to-prevent-civilian-casualties-net-restoration-to-be-deferred-jk-governor/articleshow/70877486.cms.132. “Two Years Since Article 370 Abrogation: What has Changed in Jammu and Kashmir,” Times of India, 5 August 2021, Accessed 14 February 2022 at https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/two-years-since-article-370-abrogation-what-has-changed-in-jammu-kashmir/articleshow/85057707.cms.133. Ibid.134. Abhinav Pandya, “A New Kashmir in the Making,” Vivekananda International Foundation, 3 August 2021, Accessed 14 February 2022 at https://www.vifindia.org/2021/august/03/a-new-kashmir-in-the-making.135. Ibid.136. IANS,” Delimitation Commission Submits Report: Recommends 43 Assembly Seats for Jammu and 47 for Kashmir,” Greater Kashmir, 5 May 2022, Accessed 13 July 2022 at Delimitation Commission submits report: Recommends 43 Assembly seats for Jammu, 47 for Kashmir (greaterkashmir.com).137. Ibid.138. Ibid.139. Arpan Rai, no. 117.140. Ibid.141. PTI, “J&K DDC Polls: Gupkar Alliance Wins 110 Seats, BJP Emerges as A Single Largest Party With 74 Seats,” The Wire, 23 December 2020, Accessed 14 February 2021 at https://thewire.in/politics/jk-ddc-election-results-gupkar-alliance-bjp-pdp.142. Scroll Staff, “Jammu and Kashmir: Gupkar Alliance Sweeps DDC Elections With 110 Seats,” Scroll.in, 23 December 2020, Accessed 13 July 2022 at Jammu and Kashmir DDC elections: Gupkar Alliance sweeps polls with 110 seats, BJP largest party (scroll.in).143. Ibid.144. PTI,“J&K DDC Polls,” no. 141.145. Scroll Staff, “Jammu and Kashmir: Gupkar Alliance Sweeps DDC Elections With 110 Seats”, no. 142.146. Author’s interview with Sajid Yusuf and Javed Trali.147. Suhas Munshi, “No One in Kashmir Will Hold Tricolour If Article 370 is Tempered With: Mahbooba Mufti,” News 18 India, 29 July 2017, Accessed 10 February 2021 at https://www.news18.com/news/india/no-one-in-kashmir-will-hold-tricolor-if-article-370-is-tampered-with-mehbooba-mufti-1476375.html.148. Times Now, “Fiddling With Article 370 is Like Playing With Fire: Mehbooba Mufti,” The Economic Times, 28 July 2019, Accessed 10 February 2021 at https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/uttarakhand-disaster-rescue-operation-begins-again-after-being-halted-temporarily-due-to-rise-in-water-level/videoshow/80851278.cms.149. PTI, “Abrogating Article 370 Will Pave Way for the ‘Freedom’ of People of J&K: Farooq Abdullah,” The Economic Times, 8 April 2019, Accessed 10 February 2021 at https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/abrogating-article-370-will-pave-way-for-freedom-for-people-of-jk-farooq-abdullah/articleshow/68778681.cms?from=mdr.150. Asian News International, “People’s Conference Leader Sajjad Lone Moves SC Against Article 370 Abrogation, Says Extension of ‘President’s Rule’ in Kashmir, Unconstitutional,” First Post, 13 September 2019, Accessed 10 February 2021 at https://www.firstpost.com/india/peoples-conference-leader-sajjad-lone-moves-sc-against-article-370-abrogation-says-extension-of-presidents-rule-in-jk-unconstitutional-7333311.html.151. Based on the author’s interview with K.N. Pundita, Kashmir Expert and Civil Rights Activist, Javed Trali, Jammu and Kashmir Policy Institute, Tauseef Raina (Political Activist), Sajid Yusuf (Civil Rights and Anti-Militancy Activist and Editor, Real Kashmir).152. Indo-Asian News Service, “Top Jammu and Kashmir Leaders Face Jail for Corruption,” NDTV, 27 November 2019, Accessed 14 February 2021 at https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/goa-governor-satya-pal-malik-says-top-jammu-and-kashmir-leaders-face-jail-for-corruption-2139180, also see, Arun Sharma, “Kill the Corrupt, Why Target PSOs, SPOs: J&K Governor Satya Pal Malik,” Indian Express, 22 July 2019, Accessed 14 February 2021 at https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kill-the-corrupt-why-target-psos-spos-jk-governor-satya-pal-malik-5840927/ and Fayaz Wani, “Corrupted Big Fish Will not be Spared, Says J&K Governor Satya Pal Malik,” Indian Express, 9 July 2019, Accessed 12 February 2021 at https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jul/09/corrupted-big-fish-will-not-be-spared-says-jk-governor-satya-pal-malik-2001482.html.153. Bashir Assad, no. 9.154. ANI, “LG Manoj Sinha Offers Prayers at Hazrat Bal Shrine in Srinagar,” Times of India, 1 September 2020, Accessed 12 February 2021 at https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/lt-gov-manoj-sinha-offers-prayers-at-hazratbal-shrine-in-srinagar/videoshow/77876522.cms.155. Zulfiqar Majid, “Enquiry into Shopian ‘Fake’ Encounter Made Public due to J&K LG Manoj Sinha’s Efforts,” Deccan Herald, 19 September 2020, Accessed 12 February 2021 at https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/inquiry-into-shopian-fake-encounter-made-public-due-to-jk-lg-manoj-sinhas-efforts-889723.html.156. PTI, “Court martial of Army Men Likely in Shopian Fake Encounter Case,” Times of India, 25 December 2020, Accessed 12 February 2020 at https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/court-martial-of-army-men-likely-in-shopian-fake-encounter-case/articleshow/79949294.cms.157. C.D. Sahay and Abhinav Pandya, “Kashmir After 370 - Roadmap for the Future and Emerging Security Challenges,” Vivekananda International Foundation, 6 January 2020, Accessed 13 February 2022 at https://www.vifindia.org/sites/default/files/post-370-kashmir-roadmap-for-the-future-and-emerging-security-challenges.pdf.158. Ayaz Wani, “Kashmir Conflict: Managing Perceptions and Building Bridges to Peace,” Observer Research Foundation, 9 October 2018, Accessed 13 February 2022 at https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-kashmir-conflict-managing-perceptions-and-building-bridges-to-peace-44801/.159. Desai and Wani, “The Centre Must Step in to End Corruption in Kashmir,” Observer Reaearch Foundation, 9 March 2018, Accessed 13 February 2022 at https://www.orfonline.org/research/centre-must-step-end-corruption-kashmir/.160. Ibid.161. Abhijeet Iyer-Mitra, “Abdullah, Mufti in Kashmir are’nt ‘Pro-India Mainstream’, They are not Just Openly Anti-India,” The Print, 8 October 2019, Accessed 13 February 2022 at https://theprint.in/opinion/abdullah-mufti-in-kashmir-arent-pro-india-mainstream-theyre-just-not-openly-anti-india/302497/.162. PTI, “Jammu and Kashmir to Regularise Rehbar-e-Taleem Teachers, Separate Cadre to Come up,” NDTV Education, 9 December 2018, Accessed 12 February 2021 at https://www.ndtv.com/education/jammu-and-kashmir-to-regularise-rehbar-e-taleem-ret-teachers-separate-cadre-to-come-up-1960048.163. CNS News Desk, “After Finding 22 Doctors Absent, GMC Anantnag Doctors Warned Against Private Practice During Office Hours,” CNS, 15 June 2021, Accessed 13 February 2022 at https://cnskashmir.in/2021/06/15/after-finding-22-doctors-absent-gmc-anantnag-doctors-warned-against-private-practice-during-office-hours/.164. Kashmir Dot Com, “Another Rot in the Shape of Huge Scam Surfaces in SMC,” Kashmir Pulse, 18 September 2020, Accessed 14 February 2022 at https://kashmirpulse.com/jk/kashmir/another-rot-in-shape-of-a-huge-scam-surfaces-in-smc/47962.html.165. Ibid.166. Ayaz Wani, “Kashmiris Need Good Administration, Not Statehood or Elections,” Observer Research Foundation, 28 June 2021, Accessed 13 February 2022 at https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/kashmiris-need-good-administration-not-statehood-or-elections/.167. “J-K LG Meets Amit Shah in Delhi,” ANI, 18 June 2021, Accessed 13 February 2021 at https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/j-k-lg-manoj-sinha-meets-amit-shah-in-delhi20210618161852/.168. C.D. Sahay and Abhinav Pandya, no. 157.169. Ibid.170. Ayaz Wani, ” After a Change in its Constitutional Position, Kashmir Now Needs Administrative Transformation,” Observer Research Foundation, 1 November 2019, Accessed 13 February 2022 at https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/after-a-change-in-its-constitutional-position-kashmir-now-needs-administrative-transformation-57197/.171. Junaid Kathju, “Kashmiri Officers Deprived of Key Postings in Bureaucracy, Police,” Kashmir Wallah, 30 October 2021, Accessed 13 February 2022 at https://thekashmirwalla.com/kashmiri-officers-deprived-of-key-postings-in-bureaucracy-police/.172. Ibid.173. Based on the author’s interviews with serving police officers of Jammu and Kashmir Police.174. Based on the author’s interviews with the residents of Srinagar, Pulwama, Bandipur, and Baramulla.175. Naveed Iqbal, “Explained: What Land Laws have Changed in Kashmir? How have Parties Responded?” Indian Express, 18 November 2020, Accessed 17 June 2022.176. Ibid.177. Ibid.178. Based on author’s field study and interviews.179. Abhinav Pandya, “Pakistan is Planning a Dangerous Move in Kashmir,” Usanas Foundation, 5 October 2021, Accessed 14 February 2022 at https://usanasfoundation.com/pakistan-is-planning-a-dangerous-move-in-kashmir.180. Ibid.Additional informationNotes on contributorsAbhinav PandyaAbhinav Pandya is a PhD candidate at O.P. Jindal Global University. He is also the Founder and CEO of Usanas Foundation, an India-based think-tank specializing in geopolitical and security affairs. He holds a Master’s degree in Public Administration from Cornell University. Views expressed are personal.This article has been corrected with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.
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