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Recent advancements in microneedle-based vaccine delivery

2022; Wolters Kluwer; Volume: 107; Linguagem: Inglês

10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106973

1743-9191

Jobin Jose, Kartik Bhairu Khot, Prajna Shastry, Gopika Gopan, Akshay Bandiwadekar, Simi P Thomas, Sabith T Muhammad, Sanjay R. Ugare, Hitesh Chopra, Priyanka Choudhary, Om Prakash Choudhary,

Immunotherapy and Immune Responses

Dear Editor, Vaccines are agents that stimulate adaptive immune response against a particular disease. It increases the lifespan and lowers the prevalence rate of infectious diseases in children [1]. Vaccines are prepared either from dead or live microorganisms. In traditional approaches, it is ready from inactive toxins, proteins, and polysaccharides. In recent years, many vaccines have been in the development phase, including DNA and recombinant vector vaccines. Several factors are considered while developing a vaccine: stability, cost-effectiveness, ease of administration, and ability to induce a potent immune response. Vaccination route is crucial in ensuring safe and efficient vaccine administration. Since muscles have more blood arteries than skin, intramuscular (IM) injections are frequently used to administer vaccines. Despite the widespread use of parenteral injections, issues with needles and syringes rise, including needle phobia and mishaps brought on by discarded needles [2]. Different types of the vaccine microneedle patches have been illustrated in the Fig. 1.Fig. 1.: Vaccine microneedle patch (MNP) types: a) solid MAP (S-MNP); b) coated MAP; c) dissolving MAP. The vaccine diffusion direction is denoted by arrows.Since parenteral injections have their limitations, numerous needle-free alternatives have been suggested, and mucosal surface vaccine is one of them. It mainly focuses on the immunological response brought on by dendritic cells and lymphocytes moving about in the mucosal region. An example of a mucosal route of administration is sublingual or intranasal nasal surface. Other delivery methods include the pulmonary, vaginal, and rectal routes; however, they also carry certain drawbacks. More studies must be done to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of needle-free immunization over conventional vaccination. Vaccination should commonly be administered through the skin as it is easy to administer [3]. Microneedle array is one of the best possible delivery techniques in recent years. Microneedle (MN) provides direct skin delivery of drug molecules, which can be used to deliver vaccines more effectively. Microneedles are divided into four categories: solid, coated, dissolving, and hollow. Solid microneedles contain pointed tips which, on application, puncture the skin and produce channels of micron size through which the medication is delivered directly to skin layers. The capillaries absorb the medication to cause a systemic reaction and induce local effects. Solid microneedles employ passive diffusion to provide the drug to the skin's various layers. The thickness of the coating layer and the needle's size determines how much medication may be loaded. Dissolving microneedles are prepared from biodegradable polymer loaded with medication. On application, the loaded drug will release from the microneedle patch. The drug dispersion or solution is placed inside the hollow microneedles' empty area. There are perforations at the tips. The drug is swiftly absorbed into the dermis or epidermis layer after being applied to the skin. These microneedles can provide a large dose of the medication because more medication can fit inside the needle's space. These microneedles are capable of injecting the drug into the skin, which eliminates the limitations of the hypodermic needles [4]. Microneedles usually penetrate the stratum corneum, the top layer of skin, to deliver the drug. It can more rapidly and successfully administer vaccines than conventional transdermal delivery techniques. Because of its easy application, easy administration, and continuous vaccine release, this method is highly effective for transdermal drug delivery. One of the most common substances utilized to create solid microneedles for delivery of vaccines is stainless steel. These microneedles are made of stainless steel and have been dip-coated with various antigens, including antigen solutions and antigens enclosed in nanoparticles [5]. When metal microneedles are injected into the skin, the coated antigen is released into the skin layers. Therefore, one of the major factors affecting the effectiveness of the metal microneedle vaccine is the coating of the microneedles. Methods like nanopatterning the needles' surface have increased the effectiveness of stainless steel microneedles. To administer DNA vaccines utilizing microneedles, Duong et al. designed a new charge reversal pH-responsive copolymer. These vaccinations can induce both cellular and humoral immune reactions. It has been demonstrated that polyelectrolyte assembly on MNs is a precise and effective way to manufacture MNs coated with DNA vaccination. They concluded that this is the best course of action for Alzheimer's disease [6]. Another group of researchers developed antigenicity of the injected influenza vaccine using solid microneedles in a Nanopatch™ (NP). The vaccine being administered extremely close to the skin's surface with NP application, it was anticipated that reactogenicity would be more noticeable there than it would be with IM injection. The NP vaccine delivery method has been shown to be secure, well tolerated, and to have produced immunological reactions equivalent to those caused by IM injection. The outcomes demonstrated that NP has the potential to be a successful strategy for immunizing against seasonal influenza flu and other diseases [7]. Stinson et al. developed microneedles for delivering vaccines for infectious illnesses and cancer immunotherapy. Silk fibroin was used to create a solid microneedle system for immunization against Shigella, Clostridium difficile, and influenza. Silk fibroin can form solid microneedles that can provide long-term protection against influenza with a dose-sparing effect and modest protection against challenges with Clostridium difficile, according to a pre-clinical study in mice. They determined that silk fibroin to be well-suited for a solid-coated microneedle delivery system [8]. For delivery of particle-based vaccinations, hollow microneedles are intensively studied. The vaccination antigen is loaded inside the hollow needles of these microneedles; when administered, it transfers the vaccine antigens to the skin. The model antigen ovalbumin with and without adjuvant was shown to be more easily distributed using a microneedle method utilizing applicator-controlled silica hollow microneedles. Other optimized nanoparticles include liposomes, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), and gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs). Microneedle administration of poly (lactic-co-glycolic) (PLGA)liposomes and nanoparticles has been shown to cause an excellent humoral and cellular immune response. Another application for hollow microneedles is delivery of DNA vaccines contained within a nanoparticle system. Additionally, compared to the SC route, DNA vaccine loaded on niosome produced a more robust immune response. Maaden et al. prepared a digitally controlled hollow microneedle injection system (DC-hMN-iSystem) with an ultra-low dead volume to perform micro-injections into the skin in an automated manner. The plan was developed to avoid formulation loss and prevent leakage. They demonstrated how a DC-hMN-iSystem could be used for simple, minimally invasive, and potentially painless cancer vaccination. Du et al. developed the hollow MN intradermal vaccination in mice to administer diphtheria toxoid (DT), and poly (I:C) encapsulating it on mesoporous silica nanoparticles and cationic liposomes. After inserting the hollow microneedle-mediated intradermal vaccination, the antigen and adjuvant encapsulated liposomes elicited a potent immune response. Ogai et al. developed new hollow microneedles for improved immunity in intradermal vaccination. In groups of rats, serum immunoglobulin G antibody production was assessed using an enzyme immunoassay after either ID delivery through microneedles or SC injection. The microneedle is intended to make it easier to administer the solution intradermally and to elicit antiviral antibody responses even with a smaller dose of vaccine. Promising outcomes of ID administration as a potential immunogenic strategy to increase the effectiveness of immunization were confirmed [9]. Although effective at triggering a robust immune response, hollow microneedles are not made of biodegradable materials but leave particles on the skin. To overcome these drawbacks dissolving microneedles are used. These are made of polymers that have FDA approval and can be loaded with either nanoparticles or the vaccination antigen. These microneedles disintegrate entirely after delivery, releasing the vaccine into the skin. Dissolving microneedle-containing microparticles delays antigen release, and providing sustained antigen release with a strong adaptive immune response. Flu vaccine delivery has led to the initial development of dissolving microneedles for immunization. Flynn et al. designed low adenovirus vaccine doses using a microneedle patch for transdermal vaccine delivery, and showed that the vaccine induced the highest level of functional, parasite growth inhibitory antibodies and low anti-vector responses. They concluded that the MN patch system enhanced induction of protective immune responses compared to conventional injection-based immunization. Arshad et al. developed BCG-loaded microneedle patches for more efficient transdermal drug delivery of the vaccine. Their study showed that the sodium alginate microneedles offered simple and reproducible vaccination administration across the skin layers. These results contribute to MN devices as a potentially effective, live attenuated vaccine administration technique [10]. Choi et al.developed the influenza vaccine using insertion-responsive microneedles (IRMNs), which showed significant potentials for quick and convenient transdermal delivery of vaccinations. According to this study, vaccine-coated IRMNs were as effective as intramuscular injections at reducing viral shedding and eliciting antibody responses in guinea pigs. Therefore, microneedle technology might be a desirable method for immunizing humans and animals. Vaccine therapy enhances the body's immune system and offers protection from pathogenic organisms. A lesser dose is needed than an intramuscular injection when the medication is delivered via a microneedle. During vaccination, intradermal vaccination with a microneedle can produce considerably higher antibody titers than subcutaneous injection. Diphtheria, anthrax, herpes simplex, chikungunya, rabies, hepatitis B, influenza, hepatitis C, human papillomavirus infection, tuberculosis, rotavirus infection, tetanus, plaque, and West Nile fever are just a few of the infectious diseases for which microneedle formulations of vaccines have been used in validating in the transderual drug delivering system TDDS [11]. The best approach to overcome infectious diseases is through vaccination. The use of microneedles for vaccine delivery is a novel approach. Generally, self-administered microneedees (MN) based vaccines offers the possibility of a technique that is appealing for largescale vaccinations during pandemics. In addition to being patient-friendly, MNs are effective at improving a robust immune response against a range of viral and bacterial infections. In the future, vaccine administration methods may heavily rely on microneedle-based vaccinations. Provenance and peer review Not commissioned, internally peer-reviewed. Ethical approval This article does not require any human/ animal subjects to acquire such approval. Sources of funding This study received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Author contributions Jobin Jose: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Writing - Original Draft, Writing - review & editing. Kartik Bhairu Khot: Writing - Original Draft, Writing - review & editing. Prajna Shastry: Writing - Original Draft, Writing - review & editing. Gopika Gopan: Writing - Original Draft, Writing - review & editing. Akshay Bandiwadekar: Writing - Original Draft, Writing - review & editing. Simi P Thomas: Writing - Original Draft, Writing - review & editing. Sabith Muhammad T: Writing - Original Draft, Writing - review & editing. Sanjay R Ugare: Writing - Original Draft, Writing - review & editing. Hitesh Chopra: Writing - Original Draft, Writing - review & editing. Priyanka: Writing - Original Draft, Writing - review & editing. Om Prakash Choudhary: Supervision, Writing - Original Draft, Writing - review & editing. All authors critically reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. Research registration unique identifying Number (UIN) Name of the registry: Not applicable. Unique Identifying number or registration ID: Not applicable. Hyperlink to your specific registration (must be publicly accessible and will be checked): Not applicable. Guarantor Om Prakash Choudhary, Assistant Professor (Senior Scale), Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, Aizawl-796015, Mizoram, India. Tel: +91-9928099090; Email: [email protected]. Data statement The data in this correspondence article is not sensitive in nature and is accessible in the public domain. The data is therefore available and not of a confidential nature. Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Jobin Jose Kartik Bhairu Khot Prajna Shastry Gopika Gopan Akshay Bandiwadekar Simi P. Thomas Sabith T Muhammad Sanjay R. Ugare Hitesh Chopra Priyanka Om Prakash Choudhary 1NITTE Deemed to be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore, 575018, India 2Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mangalam College of Engineering, Ettumanoor, 686631, India 3Department of Gastroenterology, IQRAA International Hospital and Research Centre, Kozhikode, Kerala, 673009, India 4Department of Pharmacology, KLE College of Pharmacy, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, 590010, Karnataka, India 5Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India 6Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Rampura Phul, Bathinda, 151103, Punjab, India 7Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, Aizawl, 796015, Mizoram, India E-mail addresses:[email protected]; [email protected]