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Long-term multi-wavelength study of 1ES 0647+250

2022; EDP Sciences; Volume: 670; Linguagem: Inglês

10.1051/0004-6361/202244477

1432-0746

V. A. Acciari, T. Aniello, Stefano Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, Cornelia Arcaro, Manuel Artero, Katsuaki Asano, Dominik Baack, A. Babić, Andrés Baquero, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, Ivana Batković, J. Becerra González, W. Bednarek, E. Bernardini, M. Bernardos, A. Berti, J. Besenrieder, W. Bhattacharyya, C. Bigongiari, A. Biland, O. Blanch, Hendrik Bökenkamp, G. Bonnoli, Ž. Bošnjak, Irene Burelli, G. Busetto, R. Carosi, M. Carretero-Castrillo, G. Ceribella, Yating Chai, A. Chilingarian, S. Cikota, E. Colombo, J. L. Contreras, J. Cortina, S. Covino, Giacomo D’Amico, V. D’Elia, P. Da Vela, F. Dazzi, A. De Angelis, B. De Lotto, Antonino Del Popolo, M. Delfino, J. Delgado, C. Delgado Mendez, Davide Depaoli, F. Di Pierro, L. Di Venere, E. Do Souto Espiñeira, D. Dominis Prester, Alice Donini, D. Dorner, M. Doro, D. Elsäesser, Gabriel Emery, V. Fallah Ramazanı, L. Fariña, Alicia Fattorini, L. Font, C. Fruck, Satoshi Fukami, Y. Fukazawa, R. J. Garcı́a López, M. Garczarczyk, Sargis Gasparyan, M. Gaug, J. G. Giesbrecht Paiva, N. Giglietto, F. Giordano, Paweł Gliwny, N. Godinović, Jarred Gershon Green, D. Green, D. Hadasch, A. Hahn, T. Hassan, Lea Heckmann, J. Herrera, Dario Hrupec, Moritz Hütten, Tomohiro Inada, Roman Iotov, Kazuma Ishio, Y. Iwamura, Irene Jiménez Martínez, J. Jormanainen, D. Kerszberg, Yukiho Kobayashi, H. Kubo, J. Kushida, A. Lamastra, A. La Barbera, F. Leone, E. Lindfors, Lena Linhoff, S. Lombardi, F. Longo, R. López-Coto, Marcos López, A. López-Oramas, S. Loporchio, A. Lorini, E. Lyard, B. Machado de Oliveira Fraga, P. Majumdar, M. Makariev, G. Maneva, M. Manganaro, S. Mangano, K. Mannheim, M. Mariotti, M. Martı́nez, Alvaro Mas-Aguilar, D. Mazin, Stefano Menchiari, S. Mender, S. Mičanović, Davide Miceli, Tjark Miener, J. M. Miranda, R. Mirzoyan, E. Molina, H. A. Mondal, A. Moralejo, Daniel Morcuende, V. Moreno, Takeshi Nakamori, C. Nanci, Lara Nava, V. Neustroev, M. Nievas Rosillo, Cosimo Nigro, K. Nilsson, K. Nishijima, T. Njoh Ekoume, K. Noda, S. Nozaki, Yoshiki Ohtani, Tomohiko Oka, Jorge Otero-Santos, S. Paiano, M. Palatiello, D. Paneque, R. Paoletti, J. M. Paredes, Lovro Pavletić, M. Persic, Marine Pihet, Franjo Podobnik, P. G. Prada Moroni, E. Prandini, G. Principe, Chaitanya Priyadarshi, I. Puljak, W. Rhode, M. Ribó, J. Rico, Chiara Righi, A. Rugliancich, N. Sahakyan, Tatsuhiko Saito, S. Sakurai, K. Satalecka, Francesco Gabriele Saturni, Bernd Schleicher, K. Schmidt, Felix Schmuckermaier, J. Schubert, T. Schweizer, J. Sitarek, Vitalii Sliusar, D. Sobczyńska, Alessia Spolon, A. Stamerra, Jelena Strišković, D. Strom, M. Strzys, Y. Suda, T. Surić, Mitsunari Takahashi, Ryuji Takeishi, F. Tavecchio, P. Temnikov, T. Terzić, M. Teshima, Luca Tosti, Stefano Truzzi, Antonio Tutone, Santiago Ubach, Juliane van Scherpenberg, G. Vanzo, M. Vázquez Acosta, Sofia Ventura, V. Verguilov, Ilaria Viale, C. F. Vigorito, V. Vitale, Ievgen Vovk, R. Walter, Martin Will, Carolin Wunderlich, T. Yamamoto, Darko Zarić, J. A. Acosta‐Pulido, F. D’Ammando, T. Hovatta, S. Kiehlmann, Ioannis Liodakis, C. Leto, W. Max-Moerbeck, L. Pacciani, M. Perri, A. C. S. Readhead, R. Reeves, F. Verrecchia,

Radio Astronomy Observations and Technology

Context. The BL Lac object 1ES 0647+250 is one of the few distant γ -ray emitting blazars detected at very high energies (VHEs; ≳100 GeV) during a non-flaring state. It was detected with the MAGIC telescopes during a period of low activity in the years 2009−2011 as well as during three flaring activities in the years 2014, 2019, and 2020, with the highest VHE flux in the last epoch. An extensive multi-instrument data set was collected as part of several coordinated observing campaigns over these years. Aims. We aim to characterise the long-term multi-band flux variability of 1ES 0647+250, as well as its broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) during four distinct activity states selected in four different epochs, in order to constrain the physical parameters of the blazar emission region under certain assumptions. Methods. We evaluated the variability and correlation of the emission in the different energy bands with the fractional variability and the Z-transformed discrete correlation function, as well as its spectral evolution in X-rays and γ rays. Owing to the controversy in the redshift measurements of 1ES 0647+250 reported in the literature, we also estimated its distance in an indirect manner through a comparison of the GeV and TeV spectra from simultaneous observations with Fermi -LAT and MAGIC during the strongest flaring activity detected to date. Moreover, we interpret the SEDs from the four distinct activity states within the framework of one-component and two-component leptonic models, proposing specific scenarios that are able to reproduce the available multi-instrument data. Results. We find significant long-term variability, especially in X-rays and VHE γ rays. Furthermore, significant (3−4 σ ) correlations were found between the radio, optical, and high-energy (HE) γ -ray fluxes, with the radio emission delayed by about ∼400 days with respect to the optical and γ -ray bands. The spectral analysis reveals a harder-when-brighter trend during the non-flaring state in the X-ray domain. However, no clear patterns were observed for either the enhanced states or the HE (30 MeV < E < 100 GeV) and VHE γ -ray emission of the source. The indirect estimation of the redshift yielded a value of z = 0.45 ± 0.05, which is compatible with some of the values reported in the literature. The SEDs related to the low-activity state and the three flaring states of 1ES 0647+250 can be described reasonably well with the both one-component and two-component leptonic scenarios. However, the long-term correlations indicate the need for an additional radio-producing region located about 3.6 pc downstream from the gamma-ray producing region.