Solar‐wind hybrid energy system to supply electricity for offshore oil and gas platforms in the Caspian Sea: A case study
2023; Institution of Engineering and Technology; Volume: 2023; Issue: 2 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1049/tje2.12239
ISSN2051-3305
AutoresSajjad Zereshkian, Dariush Mansoury,
Tópico(s)Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
ResumoThe Journal of EngineeringVolume 2023, Issue 2 e12239 CASE STUDYOpen Access Solar-wind hybrid energy system to supply electricity for offshore oil and gas platforms in the Caspian Sea: A case study Sajjad Zereshkian, Sajjad Zereshkian Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares UniversitySearch for more papers by this authorDariush Mansoury, Corresponding Author Dariush Mansoury [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0003-4190-4498 Department of Marine Physics, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Correspondence Dariush Mansoury, Department of Marine Physics, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author Sajjad Zereshkian, Sajjad Zereshkian Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares UniversitySearch for more papers by this authorDariush Mansoury, Corresponding Author Dariush Mansoury [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0003-4190-4498 Department of Marine Physics, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Correspondence Dariush Mansoury, Department of Marine Physics, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 09 February 2023 https://doi.org/10.1049/tje2.12239AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract In this research, the environmental feasibility of a hybrid renewable source of wind-solar energy has been assessed and the amount of this energy on offshore oil and gas platforms has been estimated in three basins of the Caspian Sea. Extractable wind-solar energy around the Caspian oil and gas platforms was investigated using the Medium-range Weather Forecast database by applying a resolution of 0.125° and a time step of 6 h for 10 years (2005–2014). The findings showed that the average wind energy in the northern, middle, and southern basins at the height of 10 m are 1.10, 0.89, and 0.43 MWh / m 2 . year ${\rm{\;MWh}}/{{\rm{m}}^2}.{\rm{year}}$ , respectively. Centralnoy field with an average energy of 2.398 MWh/m2.year is the most suitable oil and gas offshore platform for a hybrid application of wind-solar energy. Inkie Moor field has the lowest amount of hybrid energy (1.432 MWh/m2.year) in the Caspian Sea. 1 INTRODUCTION The extensive exploration and use of fossil fuels have led to numerous environmental issues (both on land and in the sea) that harm human health and life [1]. Therefore, current primary concerns are to access an affordable, sustainable, reliable, and environmentally friendly energy source with minimal carbon emissions. [2, 3]. The offshore oil and gas platform, as a large structure with special facilities for exploration and extraction of petroleum and natural gas, is located under the seabed. Many of these platforms have facilities for the accommodation of their workforce. There are also a variety of facilities used during offshore drilling operations [4]. Widespread environmental pollution caused by petroleum products and their derivatives in industries and factories has led human societies to move towards the rational use of renewable energy sources [5]. Fundamentally, renewable energies are extracted from natural changes that occur continuously in the environment [6]. Little research has been done on the environmental effects of using renewable energy sources. The use of these energy sources is very important to decarbonize the energy sector and combat climate change, but the availability of solar, and wind energy depends on the weather conditions and future climate changes [7]. Thus, identifying natural flows in the environment for energy extraction is the most important step. Green energy comes from natural sources such as wind, rain, sunlight, tides, sea waves, and heat from a geothermal source [8]. Green energy usually provides the energy required for electricity generation and off-grid services often in remote areas. Renewable energy sources are relatively unlimited and one of their important advantages is the ability to return to nature [9]. One of the most readily available renewable energies is wind energy, and several studies have been conducted on wind resources at different locations [10, 11]. The wind is considered a sustainable energy source, as it is a renewable and abundant element affecting large areas of the surface [12]. In recent years, renewable wind energy systems have been gradually developed in offshore areas, where wind intensity has a higher energy density than the onshore areas [13]. The advantage of moving such projects offshore is the increased wind stability and wind speed in offshore areas, which significantly increases the generating electrical power output in compared to larger wind turbines [14, 15]. Furthermore, the restriction of land and competition on the use of wind resources as well as the emergence of new technologies in the field of marine engineering [16, 17] have led many countries to establish offshore wind farms [18, 19]. The sun, one of the most important sources of green energy, is more abundant than the other renewable energy sources so its daily energy is sufficient to provide the annual energy required on the earth [10]. Solar energy can be used as a basic system to generate electricity. The oceans absorb about 70% of the total solar energy radiated to the earth, which warms the surface layers of water. Although this temperature changes during the day in the months and seasons of the year, solar energy is still more stable than other green energies [11]. 2 HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS The rising prices of petroleum products, dramatic advances in renewable energy technologies, and consequent reduction of costs have caused the widespread use of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) to supply the electricity required in remote areas. This type of system usually consists of more than one renewable energy source, used together to increase the efficiency of the system in energy supply. All of these renewable systems have drawbacks (as a stand-alone system), such as the relatively high cost of solar panels, as well as their inefficiency at night or on cloudy days. Similarly, wind turbines, for technical reasons, cannot operate at very high or very low wind speeds. Solar hybrid power systems combine the solar energy from one photovoltaic system with another renewable energy source. The wind–solar hybrid system creates more energy from the wind turbine in winter, while the solar panels yield their maximum output during the summer (Figure 1). By definition, a renewable hybrid system has more than one energy source, one of which is renewable [21]. HRESs are more economically and environmentally efficient than single energy systems. The Caspian Sea, especially its offshore areas, is rich in fossil fuel reserves. At present, the electricity required for drilling the rigs and extracting the oil products from the offshore oil and gas platforms is supplied with fossil fuels. These fuels are generally accessed from the shore by ships at these platforms, where there can be problems due to bad weather and ocean conditions, as well as environmental pollution in the transmission route of these fuels. The use of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind energy hybrid power, reduces the need for fossil fuel energy for the platforms of these fields. The appropriate renewable energy source for the platforms of each oil and gas field depends on their temporal and spatial conditions. In this article, considering the spatial and temporal conditions, we have tried to evaluate the extractable wind and solar energies from the hybrid renewable source of wind-solar energy around each of the Caspian oil and gas platforms. FIGURE 1Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Hybrid energy system (wind and solar) on offshore platforms [20]. 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS Study area The Caspian Sea, with an area of 371,000 km2, is the largest lake in the world. It is surrounded by Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Azerbaijan, and Iran [22]. The Caspian Sea, according to its geographical location, is divided into northern, middle, and southern basins, each of which has a maximum depth of 15, 780, and 1020 m, respectively [23]. The volume of water in each of the northern, middle, and southern Caspian basins is equal to 1%, 33%, and 66%, respectively, compared to the total volume of water. There are several oil and gas fields, especially in the offshore areas of the Caspian Sea (Figure 2). The renewable energy sources of each basin are used to supply the energy required for their platforms [24]. Power consumption of small and large offshore platforms is in the range of 6–50 MW [25]. The first step in supplying the electricity required in the offshore oil and gas platforms from renewable energy sources is to evaluate the energy of natural resources (e.g. wind, solar etc.) around each of these fields. Then the technical requirements to use these energies must be set up and ultimately, they must be adapted to the existing commercial technologies [26, 27]. FIGURE 2Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Oil and gas fields in the Caspian Sea [24]. Environmental data 3.2.1 Offshore wind and solar radiation data Wind speed data were obtained from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) at a resolution of 0.125°, due to the lack of observational data in the offshore areas of the Caspian Sea. This database shows the compatibility of the field measurement data and the ECMWF model with the spatial and seasonal variations of wind conditions [28]. In this study, to investigate the offshore wind in the Caspian Sea Basin, the horizontal components of wind speed were used at the height of 10 m, with a resolution of 0.125°, and a time step of 6 h from 2005 to 2014. The Surface Solar Radiation Downward with a resolution of 0.125 ° and a time step of 3 h was used for the period 2005–2014 for solar radiation [27]. The zenith angle for different regions of the three Caspian basins was also extracted from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) database [27]. Data and method 3.3.1 Offshore wind and solar radiation To analyze the offshore wind speed, first, using the horizontal components of wind speed, the wind speed at the height of 10 m was extracted from Equation (1), and then the daily average of the wind speed was calculated by averaging 4 wind data during a day with a time step of 6 h. Then the monthly, quarterly, and annual data averages from 2005 to 2014 were calculated. Finally, the monthly, quarterly, and annual 10-year wind speed averages were performed for each of the offshore oil and gas platforms. V = u 10 2 + v 10 2 $$\begin{equation}\left| V \right| = \sqrt {\mathop u\nolimits_{10}^2 + \mathop v\nolimits_{10}^2 } \end{equation}$$ (1) where | V | $| V |$ represents the wind speed at the index height of 10 m, u10 represents the eastward wind speed component at the index height of 10 m, and v10 represents the northward wind velocity component at the index height of 10 m. To convert the wind speed from the index height of 10 m to higher altitudes to investigate the wind power and energy density at those altitudes, and exploit it to launch the wind turbines, Equation (2) was used as an empirical equation to extract the wind velocities at the heights of 50, 100, and 200 m (https://www.3tier.com/en/support/solar-prospecting-tools/what-global-horizontal-irradiance-solar-prospecting/). V V r e f = l n z z 0 l n z z 0 l n z ref z 0 l n z ref z 0 $$\begin{equation} \frac{V}{{{V_{ref}}}} = \left( {{{ln{\rm{z \over {{z_0}}}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{ln{\rm{z \over {{z_0}}}}} {ln{\rm{{{z_{ref}}} \over {{z_0}}}}}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {ln{\rm{{{z_{ref}}} \over {{z_0}}}}}}} \right) \end{equation}$$ (2) where Vrepresents the wind speed at the desired height of z (m), V r e f ${V_{ref}}$ represents the wind speed at the base height z r e f ${z_{ref}}$ equal to 10 m, and z0 represents the degree of roughness or the length of surface roughness depending on the surface impositions, time, wind speed, and temperature. For flat surfaces such as sea surfaces, this value is considered to be 0.0002 m [29]. Equation (3) has been used to investigate the monthly, seasonal, and annual averages of offshore wind energy at the index heights [30]. According to the dynamical equations, the kinetic energy of the wind is proportional to the second power of its speed. Wind power is obtained from the multiplication of the wind energy at the wind speed. Thus, the wind power is related to its speed cube (see Eq. (3)) [20]. P D = 1 2 ρ a i r V 3 $$\begin{equation}PD = {\rm{1 \over 2}}{\rho_{air}}{V^3}\end{equation}$$ (3)where PD represents the wind power density (W/m2), V $V\;$ represents the wind speed (m/s) and ρ a i r ${\rho _{air}}$ represents the air density (kg/m3), which is a function of the height of the sea level. However, since these changes are insignificant up to the height of 200 m, the air density has been considered equivalent to the fixed amount of 1.22 kg/m3. Accordingly, to use the energy from the offshore wind in the study area, the turbine output power at the location of the offshore fields was calculated through Equation (4) [20]. P r a t e d = A r × P D × η $$\begin{equation}{P_{rated}} = {A_r} \times PD \times \eta \end{equation}$$ (4)where P r a t e d ${P_{rated\;}}$ represents the turbine output power rate (W), η represents the efficiency rate (%) determined by the turbine manufacturer, and A r ${A_r}$ represents the swept area of the wind turbine rotor (m2), which can be calculated using Equation (5). In Equation (5), D is equal to the diameter of the wind turbine rotor [20]. It should be noted that most offshore wind turbines have a launching speed of 3 m/s and produce no power for weaker winds. Moreover, at a time interval when the wind speed increases, the output power is increased (wind-rate). Then, the output power is fixed until the cut-out rate is reached [20]. A r = π × D 2 2 $$\begin{equation}{A_r} = \;\pi \times {\left( {\frac{D}{2}} \right)^2}\end{equation}$$ (5) Global Horizontal Radiation (GHI, W/m2) [31], as a photovoltaic indicator, depends on Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) and Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance (DHI), calculated using Equation (6): G H I = D H I + D N I c o s S Z A $$\begin{equation}GHI = DHI + DNIcosSZA\end{equation}$$ (6)where SZA is the Solar Zenith Angle. In this study, the zenith angle was collected from the NOAA database for the Caspian Sea. Also, in the calculations related to solar radiation, the SSRD (Surface Solar Radiation Downward) parameter was used with a time step of 3 h and a spatial resolution of 0.125° from 2005 to 2014 and, calculated in W/m2 using Equation (7): SSSR W m 2 = SSRD J m 2 TimeStep × 3600 $$\begin{equation} {\rm{SSSR}}\left[ {{\rm{{\rm{W}} \over {{{\rm{m}}^{2}}}}}} \right]{\rm{ = }}\frac{{{\rm{SSRD}}\left[ {{\rm{{\rm{J}} \over {{{\rm{m}^2}}}}}} \right]}}{{{\rm{TimeStep}} \times {\rm{3600}}}} \end{equation}$$ (7) More details can be found in Zereshkian and Mansoury [27]. 3.3.2 Data validation The surface water temperature obtained from the ECMWF (compared to the UNESCO field measurement data) has been validated in the previous study for the Caspian Sea [27]. Furthermore, the first perspective of the wind distribution is presented in Figure 3a which is in agreement with the results of this study (Figure 3b). Slight differences in Figure 3a,b can be due to the average duration as well as the definition of seasons (in Figure 3a, winter includes December, January, and February while, in Figure 3b, winter includes January, February, and March and also for other seasons). FIGURE 3Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Average wind speed (m/s) considering a) the 20-year time interval (January 1999 to December 2018) b) the 10-year interval (January 2005 to December 2014) of ERA-Interim data. 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Offshore wind energy The seasonal averages of wind energy over 10 years (from 2005 to 2014) at the index height of 10 m are shown in Figure 4. According to the seasonal averages of the wind speed and energy in Figures 3b and 4, the maximum speed and wind energy are observed in the northern basin in spring and at the boundary between the northern and middle basins in winter and autumn. However, in summer, the maximum speed and wind energy occur at the boundary between the southern and middle basins. FIGURE 4Open in figure viewerPowerPoint The seasonal average of the wind energy in 10 years (kWh/m2) in the Caspian Sea. Tables 1–3 show the annual averages considering the wind speed, energy, and power at the index heights in 10 years for the northern, middle, and southern basins of the Caspian Sea. TABLE 1. 10-year average of wind features at index heights of the northern Caspian basin Index height Feature 10 (m) 50 (m) 100 (m) 200 (m) Wind speed [m/s] 5.9 6.8 7.15 7.5 Wind power [W/m2] 125.8 192.6 223.9 258.40 Wind energy [MWh/m2] 1.10 1.69 1.96 2.26 TABLE 2. 10-year average of wind features at index heights of the middle Caspian basin Index height Feature 10 (m) 50 (m) 100 (m) 200 (m) Wind speed [m/s] 5.5 6.3 6.7 7 Wind power [W/m2] 101.9 153.15 184.2 210.1 Wind energy [MWh/m2] 0.89 1.69 1.96 2.26 TABLE 3. 10-year average of wind features at index heights of the southern Caspian basin Index height Feature 10 (m) 50 (m) 100 (m) 200 (m) Wind speed [m/s] 4.3 4.9 5.2 5.5 Wind power [W/m2] 48.7 72.1 86.1 101.9 Wind energy [MWh/m2] 0.43 0.63 0.75 0.89 According to Tables 1–3, the annual averages of wind speed and energy increase as we move from the southern basin toward the northern basin of the Caspian Sea. In Figures 5, 6 the monthly averages of wind speed and energy are shown for Vladimir Flanovski field in Russia located at the latitude of 45° and longitude of 48/58° of the northern Caspian basin as an offshore oil and gas platform with the greatest potential for extraction of wind energy. At the location of Vladimir Flanovski field, the maximum potential for offshore wind energy extraction is observed in winter. Accordingly, the maximum monthly average of wind speed and energy occurs in January in winter, while the minimum potential for offshore wind energy extraction is observed in summer. Accordingly, the minimum monthly average of the offshore wind speed and energy occurs in July in summer (Figures 5, 6). FIGURE 5Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Monthly average of wind speed (m/s) at the location of Vladimir Flanovski field. FIGURE 6Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Monthly average of wind energy (kWh/m2) at the location of Vladimir Flanovski field. To assess the energy of this renewable phenomenon in the location of oil and gas fields in Table 4, the seasonal average of wind energy was calculated by a 10-year examination of the offshore wind at the location of the existing fields in the three Caspian basins at a height of 10 m. Table 5 lists the characteristics of several turbines used for offshore wind farms worldwide. Regarding the wind regime in the three Caspian basins, Siemens SWT 4–120 turbine with a capacity of 5 MW and a start-up speed of 3 m/s can be used. Therefore, the output power and activity percentage of Siemens SWT 4–120 turbine per year, as a turbine operating with the speed of 3 m/s with good output power, are presented at the location of the offshore oil and gas platforms (Table 6). TABLE 4. Seasonal average of wind energy at the location of offshore oil and gas fields Seasonal average of wind energy (kWh/m2) Priority Fields Spring Summer Autumn Winter 1 Youri Kurchagin 223.5 126.6 259.7 378.2 2 Vladimir Flanovski 227.9 133.1 256.9 344.3 3 Centralnoy 210.8 143.4 272.9 360.2 4 Kalam Kas 265.9 141.6 207.3 323.1 5 Kurmangazi 258.9 134.9 230.8 368.2 6 Aktut 239.8 126.7 150.7 244.6 7 Kashgen 255.3 124.9 175.8 279.3 8 Inkie Moor 44.2 39.9 65.6 68.8 9 Baby Hayat 95.5 146.5 154.6 128.3 10 Shah Deniz 84.3 130.7 146.3 193.0 11 Azeri 106.3 149.0 169.0 161.8 12 Omid 67.2 112.3 114.9 77.2 13 Sangchal Dovani 51.5 89.6 89.0 58.7 14 Bahar 81.6 132.1 136.3 102.2 15 Ganeshli 113.7 161.4 179.1 167.0 16 Naft Dashtlori 128.3 186.4 186.4 179.1 17 Zhino 99.8 125.8 163.4 199.6 18 Lam 83.6 106.0 145.1 137.4 19 Saradr-E-Jangal 58.6 43.0 87.4 99.7 TABLE 5. Characteristics of some offshore turbines Turbine name Output power (MW) Start-up speed (m/s) Cutoff speed (m/s) Rotor diameter (m) Hub height (m) RE Power 5M 5 3.5 30 126.5 95.117 Siemens SWT 4–120 5 3 27 120 90 MHI Vestas V117 4.2 3 25 117 84.91 NEG Micon NM72 2 3 25 72 60 Nordex N90 2.3 3 25 90 80/100/104 TABLE 6. Average turbine output power and activeness percentage at the location of oil and gas the fields Priority Fields Turbine output power (GWh / yr) Activity percentage per year (%) 1 Kurmangazi 6.40 80 2 Youri Kurchagin 6.37 76.16 3 Centralnoy 6.36 75.62 4 Vladimir Flanovski 6.20 76.44 5 Kalam Kas 6.04 80 6 Kashgen 5.38 77.81 7 Aktut 4.91 76.99 8 Naft Dashtlori 4.38 73.42 9 Ganeshli 4.00 72.33 10 Zhino 3.79 71.51 11 Azeri 3.78 74.79 12 Baby Hayat 3.38 67.67 13 Lam 3.04 68.77 14 Shah Deniz 3.03 64.38 15 Bahar 2.91 65.20 16 Omid 2.36 60 17 Sardar-E-Jangal 1.86 56.44 18 Sangchal Dovani 1.86 55.62 19 Inkie Moor 1.41 49.04 Solar radiation energy According to Zereshkian and Mansoury [27], during the year, the highest solar radiation is observed in the eastern part of the southern Caspian basin. The maximum and the minimum seasonal averages of solar energy occur in summer and winter, respectively, and are also higher in spring than autumn. In all seasons, more solar radiation occurs in the eastern part of the southern basin compared to the western part, which can be due to differences in physical and climatic conditions between the two regions. The annual solar radiation averages (10 years) in the northern, middle, and southern Caspian basins are 1429, 1465, and 1550 kWh/m2, respectively. More results can be found in Zereshkian and Mansoury [27]. In this research, the photovoltaic module of LG290 N1C-G3Monox with an area of 1.64 m2 and an output peak of 290 W is considered for the offshore oil and gas platforms in the Caspian Sea (Figure 7). FIGURE 7Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Average solar energy during 10 years (kWh/m2) in the Caspian Sea [27]. The feasibility of the renewable energies of wind and solar radiation To investigate the feasibility of the renewable energies of wind and solar radiation simultaneously at the location of the offshore oil and gas fields in the Caspian Sea, the fields of the three basins have been prioritized in terms of taking advantage of the average renewable energies of wind and solar radiation (Table 7). TABLE 7. Average hybrid wind-solar energy in the Caspian oil and gas fields Priority Fields Basin Environmental renewable energy ( k W h / k W h m 2 . y e a r m 2 . y e a r ${{kWh} \mathord{/ {\vphantom {{kWh} {{m^2}.year}}} \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{m^2}.year}}$ ) 1 Centralnoy Northern 2398.3 2 Youri Kurchagin Northern 2394.5 3 Kurmangazi Northern 2387.4 4 Vladimir Flanovski Northern 2346.1 5 Kalam Kas Northern 2329.5 6 Kashgen Northern 2229.9 7 Naft Dashtlori Southern 2194.1 8 Zhino Southern 2181.3 9 Aktut Northern 2159.4 10 Ganeshli Southern 2156.3 11 Azeri Southern 2129.5 12 Lam Southern 2071.9 13 Baby Hayat Southern 2047.3 14 Shah Deniz Southern 2000.9 15 Bahar Southern 1968.4 16 Sardar-E-Jangal Southern 1894.6 17 Omid Southern 1893.3 18 Sangchal Dovani Southern 1799.7 19 Inkie Moor Middle 1432.3 5 CONCLUSION This research is to discuss the needs and the most widely used renewable energy sources, the effects of temporal and spatial changes of renewable energy sources in the Caspian Sea, and the potential environmental effects of renewable energy sources and the most environmentally friendly renewable sources. The results of the offshore wind energy in the Caspian Sea showed that the average wind energy in the northern, middle, and southern basins at the height of 10 m are 1100, 890, and 430 k W h / k W h m 2 . y e a r m 2 . y e a r ${{kWh} \mathord{/ {\vphantom {{kWh} {{m^2}.year}}} \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{m^2}.year}}$ , respectively. Accordingly, wind energy decreases from the northern Caspian basin to the southern Caspian basin. The investigation of the fields of the northern basin shows that the maximum wind occurs in winter and the minimum wind occurs in summer. This is while the maximum energy near fields of the southern and the middle basins occurs in autumn and the minimum energy occurs in spring. The overall assessment of wind energy in the Caspian Sea basins showed that all oil and gas platforms in the northern basin have more wind energy than the other two basins. Kurmangazi field in the northern basin, with an average energy of 992.7 k W h / k W h m 2 . y e a r m 2 . y e a r ${{kWh} \mathord{/ {\vphantom {{kWh} {{m^2}.year}}} \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{m^2}.year}}$ has the highest amount of wind energy, while Sardar Jangal field in the southern basin and Inkie Moor field in the middle basin have the least energy with averages of 288.8 and 218 k W h / k W h m 2 . y e a r m 2 . y e a r ${{kWh} \mathord{/ {\vphantom {{kWh} {{m^2}.year}}} \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{m^2}.year}}$ , respectively. The annual solar radiation averages (10 years) in the northern, middle, and southern Caspian basins are 1429, 1465, and 1550 kWh/m2, respectively. Seasonal studies show that about 15% of the total annual energy of solar radiation is available in autumn and winter. As the energy of natural sources (solar radiation and wind speed) varies throughout the year, the single renewable energy sources (solar and wind) cannot provide an abundant amount of electricity separately. Considering the feasibility of the renewable energies of wind and solar radiation simultaneously at the location of the offshore oil and gas fields in the Caspian Sea, Centralnoy field with an average annual energy of 2398.3 is the most suitable oil and gas offshore platform for the hybrid extraction of wind-solar energy. CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Open Research DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT No REFERENCES 1Khan, A.A., Khan, S.U., Ali, M.A., Safi, A., Gao, Y., Luo, J.: Identifying impact of international trade and renewable energy consumption on environmental quality improvement and their role in global warming. Environ. Sci. Pollut. 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