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Photodynamic therapy reduces cell viability, migration and triggers necroptosis in prostate tumor cells

2023; Springer Science+Business Media; Volume: 22; Issue: 6 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1007/s43630-023-00382-9

1474-9092

Laura Calazans de Melo Gomes, Amanda Branquinho de Oliveira Cunha, Luiz Felipe Fernandes Peixoto, Renata Graciele Zanon, Françoise Vasconcelos Botelho, Marcelo José Barbosa Silva, Maria Etelvina Pinto‐Fochi, Rejane M. Góes, Flávia de Paoli, Daniele Lisboa Ribeiro,

Heme Oxygenase-1 and Carbon Monoxide

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in American men, aside from skin cancer. As an alternative cancer treatment, photodynamic laser therapy (PDT) can be used to induce cell death. We evaluated the PDT effect, using methylene blue as a photosensitizer, in human prostate tumor cells (PC3). PC3 were subjected to four different conditions: DMEM (control); laser treatment (L-660 nm, 100 mW, 100 J.cm-2); methylene blue treatment (MB-25 μM, 30 min), and MB treatment followed by low-level red laser irradiation (MB-PDT). Groups were evaluated after 24 h. MB-PDT treatment reduced cell viability and migration. However, because MB-PDT did not significantly increase the levels of active caspase-3 and BCL-2, apoptosis was not the primary mode of cell death. MB-PDT, on the other hand, increased the acid compartment by 100% and the LC3 immunofluorescence (an autophagy marker) by 254%. Active MLKL level, a necroptosis marker, was higher in PC3 cells after MB-PDT treatment. Furthermore, MB-PDT resulted in oxidative stress due to a decrease in total antioxidant potential, catalase levels, and increased lipid peroxidation. According to these findings, MB-PDT therapy is effective at inducing oxidative stress and reducing PC3 cell viability. In such therapy, necroptosis is also an important mechanism of cell death triggered by autophagy.