Citizenship, Indigeneity and the Management of Herders and Farmers Conflicts in Ghana and Nigeria
2023; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 29; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/13537113.2023.2211448
ISSN1557-2986
Autores Tópico(s)Rangeland Management and Livestock Ecology
ResumoAbstractIn recent times, Nigeria and Ghana have experienced bloody conflicts between herders and farmers. Studies identify indigeneity and citizenship struggles as causal factors of the conflicts. Ghana and Nigeria have implemented policies and legislations to manage herders and farmers conflicts. Because scholarly engagement with the policies and legislations are relatively scant, the ways in which indigeneity and citizenship struggles are subtly ingrained in the provisions of the legislations and policies are yet to be unraveled. This study explores indigeneity and citizenship struggles in Ghana and Nigeria and how they foreground state policies and legislations for managing the conflicts. AcknowledgementsThis paper draws on research funded by Maria Sibylla Merian Centres Programme of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany, under grant number 01UK1824A. The paper was written during my fellowship period at the Maria Sibylla Merian Institute for Advanced Studies (MIASA), University of Ghana and presented at MIASA conference on Sustainable Rural Transformation in Africa which took place between 26–27 May 2020 at the University of Ghana and the Catalyst Regional Workshop on Micro-Dynamics of Political Violence and Armed Conflicts which held between 6–7 July 2021 at Lagos State University (LASU), Lagos, Nigeria. I acknowledge the contributions of these organizations to my scholarship. I am also grateful to the journal editors and reviewers and participants of the workshop and conference for their insightful comments which helped to improve the quality of the paper.Notes1 Tor Benjaminsen and Boubakar Ba, "Why Do Pastoralists in Mali join Jihadist Groups? A Political Ecology Explanation," Journal of Peasant Studies 46, no. 1 (2019): 1–120; Ifeanyi Onwuzuruigbo, "Enclaves of Banditry: Ungoverned Forest Spaces and Cattle Rustling in Northern Nigeria," African Studies Review 64, no. 1 (2021): 168–91.2 Institute for Economics and Peace, "Global Terrorism Index, "Measuring and Understanding the Impact of Terrorism"" (Sydney, 2018), 5, http://visionofhumanity.org/reports (accessed April 20, 2020).3 Azeez Olaniyan, "The Fulani-Konkomba Conflict and Management Strategy in Gushiegu, Ghana," Journal of Applied Security Research 10, no 3 (2015): 330–40, 331; Nicholas Nobrook, "Africa's Other Great Priority: The Sahel," The Africa Report, 2020, https://mcusercontent.com/6f73d53fb63e8c665c4e3800d/files/ae8e2fc0-f2e5-4fc4-ad74-6390df24ca60/PDF_SAHEL_2020.pdf, 2 (accessed April 21, 2020).4 Institute for Economics and Peace, "Global Terrorism Index"; Sebastian Paalo, "The Politics of Addressing Farmer-herder Conflicts in Ghana," Peacebuilding 9, no 1 (2021) 79–99, 90.5 Lief Brottem and Andrew McDonnell, Pastoralism and Conflict in Sudano-Sahel: A Review of the Literature (Washington, DC: Search for Common Ground, 2020).6 Mathias Basedau, "Rethinking African Studies: Four Challenges and the Case for Comparative African Studies," Africa Spectrum 55, no. 2 (2020): 194–206.7 Steve Tonah, "State Policies, Local Prejudices and Cattle Rustling along the Ghana-Burkina Faso Border," Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 70, no 4 (2000): 551–56; Noagah Bukari and Nikolaus Scharieka, "Stereotypes, Prejudices and Exclusion of Fulani Pastoralists in Ghana," Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Research 5, no. 20 (2015): 1–12.8 Bukari and Scharieka, "Stereotypes, Prejudices and Exclusion," 8.9 Wale Adebanwi, "Terror, Territoriality and the Struggle for Indigeneity and Citizenship in Northern Nigeria" Citizenship Studies 13, no 4 (2009): 349–63; Benjamin Maiangwa, "Conflicting Indigeneity and Farmer-Herder Conflicts in Postcolonial Africa," Peace Review 29, 3 (2017): 282–8; Mary Setrana, "Citizenship, Indigeneity and the Experiences of 1.5-and Second-Generation Fulani Herders in Ghana," African Spectrum 55, no 1 (2021): 81–99.10 Bronwen Manby, Struggles for Citizenship in Africa (New York: Zed Books, 2019); Bukari and Scharieka, "Stereotypes, Prejudices and Exclusion."11 Henry Mang and David Ehrhardt, "The Politics of Paper: Negotiating over and around Indigeneship Certification in Plateau State in Plateau State, Nigeria," Canadian Journal of African Studies 52, no 3 (2018): 331–47; Setrana, "Citizenship, Indigeneity."12 Mark Davidheiser and Aniuska Luna, "From Complementarity to Conflict: A Historical Analysis of Farmer – Fulbe Relations in West Africa," African Journal on Conflict Resolution 8, no. 1 (2008): 77–104.13 Akanmu Adebayo, "Jangali: Fulani Pastoralists and Colonial Taxation in Northern Nigeria," International Journal of African Historical Studies 28, no. 1 (1995): 113–50.14 Steve Tonah, Fulani in Ghana: Migration History, Integration and Resistance (Accra: Department of Sociology, University of Ghana, 2005).15 Azeez Olaniyan, M. Francis and U. Okeke-Uzodike, "The Cattle are 'Ghanaians' but the Herders Are Strangers: Farmer-Herder Conflict, Expulsion and Pastoralist Question in Agogo, Ghana," African Studies Quarterly 15, no 2 (2015): 55–67.16 Nehemia Levtzion, Muslims and Chiefs in West Africa: A Study of Islam in the Middle Volta Basin in the Precolonial Period (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968).17 Setrana, "Citizenship, Indigeneity."18 Tonah, "ulani in Ghana.19 Adebayo, "Jangali: Fulani Pastoralists."20 Ibid.21 Moses Ochonu, "Caliphate Expansion and Sociopolitical Change in Nineteenth-Century Lower Benue Hinterlands," Journal of West African History 1, no. 1 (2015): 133–78.22 Ibid.23 Sara Berry, "Struggles over Land and Authority in Africa," African Studies Review 60, no. 3 (2017): 105–25.24 Okwudiba Nnoli, "Ethnic Conflict in Africa: A Comparative Analysis in Ethic Conflicts in Africa," in Ethnic Conflict in Africa, edited by Okwudiba Nnoli (Dakar: CODESRIA, 1998): 1–25, 17.25 Davidheiser and Luna, "From Complementarity to Conflict."26 Wayne Ellwood, "Nomads at Crossroads," New Internationalist 266, no 7 (1995).27 Steve Tonah, "Migration and Farmer-Herder Conflicts in Ghana's Volta Basin Region," Canadian Journal of African Studies 40, no 1 (2006): 152–78.28 Youssouf Diallo, "Conflict, Cooperation and Integration: A West African Example (Côte d'Ivoire)" (Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology Working Paper No. 22).29 Roger MacGinty, "Everyday Peace: Bottom up and Local Agency in Conflict – Affected Societies," Security Dialogue 45, no 6 (2014): 548–564.30 Mark Moritz, "Changing Context and Dynamics of Farmer-Herder Conflicts Across West Africa," Canadian Journal of African Studies 40, no 1 (2006): 1–40.31 Christiana Gabbert, "The Global Neighbourhood Concept: A Chance for Cooperative Development or Festina Lente," in A Delicate Balance, Land Use, Minority Rights and Social Stability in the Horn of Africa, edited by Mulugeta Berhe (Addis Ababa: Institute for Peace and Security Studies, 2014).32 Mark Breusers, Suzanne Nederlof, and Teunis Van Rheenen, "Conflict or Symbiosis? Disentangling Farmer-Herdsman Relations: The Mossi and Fulbe of the Central Plateau, Burkina Faso," Journal of Modern African Studies 33, no. 3 (1998): 357–80.33 Ifeanyi Onwuzuruigbo, "Land Grab and Conflict in Colonial Southeastern Nigeria, (1930-1960)," Ubuntu: Journal of Conflict and Social Transformation 8, no 1 (2019): 137–60.34 Adebayo, "Jangali: Fulani Pastoralists"; Davidheiser and Luna, "From Complementarity to Conflict."35 Davidheiser and Luna, "From Complementarity to Conflict."36 Ellwood, "Nomads at Crossroads."37 Korbla Penu and Sebastian Paalo, "Institutions and Pastoralist Conflicts in Africa: A Conceptual Framework," Journal of Peacebuilding and Development 16, no. 2 (2021): 224–41.38 Breusers et al., "Conflict or Symbiosis."39 A. R. E. Sinclair and J. M. Fryxell, "The Sahel of Africa: Ecology of Disaster," Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 5 (1985): 987–94.40 Ifeanyi Onwuzuruigbo, "Old Wine in New Bottle: Civil Society, Iko Mmee and Conflict Management in Southeastern Nigeria," African and Asian Studies 10, no. 4 (2011): 306–22.41 Moritz, "Changing Context and Dynamics."42 International Crisis Group (ICG), "Ending Nigeria's Herder-Farmer Crisis: The Livestock Reform Plan" (Africa Report No 302, ICG, Brussels, 2021).43 Manby, Struggles for Citizenship; Bronwen Manby, Citizenship Laws in Africa: A Comparative Study (New York: Open Society Foundation, 2010).44 Ousman Kobo, "'We Are Citizens Too': The Politics of Citizenship in Independent Ghana," Journal of Modern African Studies 48, no. 1 (2010): 67–94.45 Tonah, "Migration and Farmer-Herder."46 Abubakari Ahmed and Elias Kuusaana, "Cattle Ranching and Farmer-herder Conflicts in sub-Sahara Africa: Exploring the Conditions for Successes and Failures in Northern Ghana," African Security 14, no. 2 (2021): 132–55, 133.47 Penu and Paalo, "Institutions and Pastoralist."48 Ahmed and Kuusaana, "Cattle Ranching and Farmer-herder."49 Moses Awogbade, "Grazing Reserve in Nigeria" Nomadic Peoples (1987): 19–30.50 Grazing Reserve Act 1965.51 Abubakar Mohammed and Baba Yahaya, "Herdsmen-farmers' Conflicts and Rising Security Threats in Nigeria," Studies in Politics and Society 7, no 1 (2018): 1–20.52 Onwuzuruigbo, "Enclaves of Banditry."53 Kingsley Mrabure and Ufuoma Awhefeada, "Appraising Grazing Laws in Nigeria: Pastoralists versus Farmers," African Journal of Legal Studies 12, no. 3–4 (2020): 298–314; ICG, "Ending Nigeria's Herder-Farmer."54 ICG, "Ending Nigeria's Herder-Farmer."55 Rose Ejembi, "Exercise Restrain, Learn to Live in Peace, Buhari Urges," The Sun News, March 13, 2018, https://www.sunnewsonline.com/exercise-restraint-learn-to-live-in-peace-buhari-urges (accessed December 5, 2022).56 Simon Kolawole, "On Ruga and Fulanisation," ICIR, July 7, 2019, https://www.icirnigeria.org/on-ruga-and-fulanisation (accessed December 5, 2022).57 Ibrahim Mohammed and Abimbola Oyelohunnu, "Regional Reflections: Statelessness in West Africa," West Africa Insight 6, no. 4 (2018): 21–3.58 Bronwen Manby, "Nationality, Statelessness and Legal Identity in West Africa," West Africa Insight 6, no. 4 (2018): 5–12.59 Mohammed and Oyelohunnu, "Regional Reflections."60 Mary Setrana, "I am Ghanaian and Fulani": Questions of Citizenship in Ghana," West Africa Insight 6, no. 4 (2018): 16–20.61 Paalo, "The Politics of Addressing."62 Penu and Paalo, "Institutions and Pastoralist."63 Thomas Marshall, Class, Citizenship and Social Development (New York: Doubleday & Co. Inc, 1964).64 Eghosa Osaghae, "The Problem of Citizenship in Nigeria," Africa: Rivista timenstrale di studi e documentazione dell'Istituto italiano per L'Africa e L'Oriente 45, no 4 (1990): 593–611.65 Osaghae, "The Problem of Citizenship."66 Ibid.67 Peter Ekeh, "Citizenship and Political Conflict: A Sociological Interpretation of the Nigerian Crisis," in Nigeria Dilemma of Nationhood, edited by Joseph Okpaku (New York: Third Press, 1972).68 Setrana, "Citizenship, Indigeneity."69 Adebanwi, "Terror, Territoriality."70 Maiangwa, "Conflicting Indigeneity."71 Kobo, "'We are citizens too'."72 Setrana, "Citizenship, Indigeneity," 82.73 Olaniyan et al., "The Cattle are 'Ghanaians'."74 Ibid., 55.75 Citizenship Act (2000) of Ghana (Act 591), Citizenship Regulations of Ghana, 2001 (LI 1690), Setrana, "Citizenship, Indigeneity."76 Setrana, "Citizenship, Indigeneity."77 Ibid.78 Ahmed and Kuusaana, "Cattle Ranching and Farmer-herder."79 Ibid.80 Benue State Government (BSG), Open Grazing Prohibition and Ranches Establishment Law, 2017.81 Paalo, "The Politics of Addressing."82 BSG, "Open Grazing Prohibition."83 Osaghae, "The Problem of Citizenship," 602.84 Daniel Bach, "Indigeneity, Ethnicity and Federalism," in Transition Without End, edited by Larry Diamond, Anthony Kirk-Greene, and Oyeleye Oyediran (Ibadan: Vantage Publishers, 1997), 376.85 Osaghae, "The Problem of Citizenship," 596.86 Adebanwi, "Terror, Territoriality," 358.87 Maiangwa, "Conflicting Indigeneity."88 Taiwo Obalonye, "FG Moves to Suspend Anti Grazing Laws in Benue, Ekiti and Taraba," The Sun News, June 6, 2018, https://sunnewsonline.com/fg-moves-to-suspend-anti-grazing-laws-in-benue-ekiti-taraba/ (accessed May 23, 2023).89 Paalo, "The Politics of Addressing."90 Peter Geschiere and Stephen Jackson, "Autochthony and the Crisis of Citizenship: Democratization, Decentralization and the Politics of Belonging," African Studies Review 49, no 2 (2006): 1–8, 2.91 Gyanendra Pandey and Peter Geschiere, "The Forging of Nationhood: The Contest over Citizenship, Ethnicity and History," in The Forging of Nationhood edited by Gyanendra Pandey and Peter Geschiere (Delhi, Manohar: SEPHIS, 2003).Additional informationNotes on contributorsIfeanyi OnwuzuruigboIfeanyi Onwuzuruigbo holds a doctorate in Sociology. He teaches Sociology in the Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. His research engages the nexus of politics, development and society. Ifeanyi was formerly a Senior Visiting Researcher at the Merian Sibylla Institute of Advanced Studies in Africa (MIASA), University of Ghana.
Referência(s)