Artigo Revisado por pares

Why We Hate‐Watch: The Role of Nostalgia and Investment in WWE Viewership

2023; Wiley; Volume: 56; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/jpcu.13207

ISSN

1540-5931

Autores

Melissa Vosen Callens, David Westerman, Aaron C. Cross,

Tópico(s)

Media Influence and Health

Resumo

The Journal of Popular CultureEarly View Original Article Why We Hate-Watch: The Role of Nostalgia and Investment in WWE Viewership Melissa Vosen Callens, Corresponding Author Melissa Vosen Callens [email protected] Search for more papers by this authorDavid K. Westerman, David K. WestermanSearch for more papers by this authorAaron C. Cross, Aaron C. CrossSearch for more papers by this author Melissa Vosen Callens, Corresponding Author Melissa Vosen Callens [email protected] Search for more papers by this authorDavid K. Westerman, David K. WestermanSearch for more papers by this authorAaron C. Cross, Aaron C. CrossSearch for more papers by this author First published: 22 June 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/jpcu.13207Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Works Cited Abetya, Andrew A., and Clay Routledge. “Fountain of Youth: The Impact of Nostalgia on Youthfulness and Implications for Health.” Self and Identity, vol. 15, no. 3, 2016, pp. 356– 69. Agnew, Christopher R., et al. “Cognitive Interdependence: Commitment and the Mental Representation of Close Relationships.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 74, no. 4, 1998, pp. 939– 54. Alcott, Thomas. “Not Putting Away Childish Things: The Importance of Childhood in the Audience Reception of Professional Wrestling Stars.” Participations: The Journal of Audience & Reception Studies, vol. 16, no. 1, 2019, pp. 3– 29. Bahktin, Mikhail. Rabelais and His World. Translated by Helene Iswolsky, MIT Press, 1968. Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. Translated by Annette Lavers, Hill & Wang Publishers, 1972. Benioff, David, and D. B. Weiss, creators. Game of Thrones. HBO, 2011–2019. Boym, Svetlana. The Future of Nostalgia. Basic Books, 2001. Canella, Gino. “Occupy Raw: Pro Wrestling Fans, Carnivalesque, and the Commercialization of Social Movements.” The Journal of Popular Culture, vol. 49, no. 6, 2016, pp. 1375– 92. Carpenter, Paul J., and Richard Coleman. “A Longitudinal Test of Elite Youth Cricketers' Commitment.” International Journal of Sport Psychology, vol. 29, no. 3, 1998, pp. 195– 210. Chiari, Mike. “WWE: John Cena and 7 Baby Faces Fans Have Loved to Hate.” Bleacher Report, 24 Aug. 2012, https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1309722-wwe-john-cena-and-7-baby-faces-fans-have-loved-to-hate Darabont, Frank, creator. The Walking Dead. AMC Studios, 2010–2022. Dozal, Mario A., and Gabriela I. Morales. “ I've Been in the Danger Zone!’: Botchmania as a Site of Cultural Convergence for the Modern Internet-Savvy Fan.” Convergent Wrestling: Participatory Culture, Transmedia Storytelling, and Intertextuality in the Squared Circle, edited by Carrie D. Reinhard, and Christopher J. Olson, Routledge, 2019, pp. 178– 90. Duffer, Matt, and Ross Duffer. Stranger Things. 21 Laps Entertainment, 2016–2024. Dunning, Kyle. “What Was It Like to Watch Wrestling Before the Internet?” eWrestlingNews, 30 June 2019, https://www.ewrestlingnews.com/articles/what-was-it-like-watch-wrestling-before-interne FrankPapageogio. “The IWC is Ruining Wrestling.” Reddit, 9 Jul. 2018, https://www.reddit.com/r/SquaredCircle/comments/8xcydb/the_iwc_is_ruining_wrestling/e22hmij/?utm_source=reddit&utm_medium=web2x&context=3 Fenichel, David. “Jim Ross on What Current Wrestlers Could Learn from Bobby Heenan.” Wrestling Headlines, 21 Sept. 2020, https://wrestlingheadlines.com/jim-ross-on-what-current-wrestlers-could-learn-from-bobby-heenan/ Fiske, John. Television Culture. Routledge. 1987. Ford, Sam. “Soap Operas and the History of fan Discussion.” Transformative Works and Cultures, vol. 1, 2008. https://doi.org/10.3983/twc.2008.042 Geyer, Paul D., et al. “The Prediction of Students' Satisfaction with Community College Vocational Training.” The Journal of Psychology, vol. 121, no. 6, 1987, pp. 591– 7. Gray, Jonathan. “Antifandom and the Moral Text: Television without Pity and Textual Dislike.” American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 48, no. 7, 2005, pp. 840– 58. Gray, Jonathan. “New Audiences, New Textualities: Anti-Fans and Non-fans.” International Journal of Cultural Studies, vol. 6, no. 1, 2003, pp. 64– 81. Hill, Annette. “ Wrestlers, Fans, and Power Dynamics at Live Events.” Convergent Wrestling: Participatory Culture, Transmedia Storytelling, and Intertextuality in the Squared Circle, edited by Carrie D. Reinhard, and Christopher J. Olson, Routledge, 2019, pp. 15– 30. Hofer, Johannes. “Medical Dissertation on Nostalgia by Johannes Hofer, 1688.” Bulletin of the Institute of the History of Medicine, translated by Carolyn Kiser Anspach, vol. 2, no. 6, 1934, pp. 376– 91. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44437799 hundredjono. “Why Do We Still Watch WWE.” Reddit, 3 Feb. 2020, https://www.reddit.com/r/SquaredCircle/comments/eydt7e/why_do_we_still_watch_wwe/ @IncredibleCulk. “I've just cancelled my tickets to Tampa Bay.” Twitter, 27 Feb. 2020, 2:48 p.m., twitter.com/IncredibleCulk/status/1233131923838357505 Jenkins, Henry. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. NYU Press, 2008. kharnstein. “Why Do We Still Watch WWE.” Reddit, 3 Feb. 2020, https://www.reddit.com/r/SquaredCircle/comments/eydt7e/why_do_we_still_watch_wwe/ Kroener, Oliver. “ Wrestling with Characters: Viewer Engagement in Contemporary Television Wrestling.” Convergent Wrestling: Participatory Culture, Transmedia Storytelling, and Intertextuality in the Squared Circle, edited by Carrie D. Reinhard, and Christopher J. Olson, Routledge, 2019, pp. 45– 57. Lizardi, Ryan. Mediated Nostalgia: Individual Memory and Contemporary Mass Media. Lexington Books, 2014. Meltzer, Dave. “ AEW's Battle With WWE Heats Up as ‘Dynamite’ Gains Ground on ‘Raw’.” Sports Illustrated, 27 Sept. 2021, https://www.si.com/wrestling/2021/09/27/wwe-raw-aew-dynamite-tv-ratings-battle Middleton, Marc. “ Backstage Talk on RETRIBUTION's RAW Reveal, Criticism Over Their Names, RETRIBUTION.” Wrestling Headlines, 22 Sept. 2020a, https://wrestlingheadlines.com/backstage-talk-on-retributions-raw-reveal-criticism-over-their-names-retribution-smackdown-note/#comments Middleton, Marc. “Spoiler Update on Robert Roode's WWE Status 9/21/2020.” WrestlingHeadlines, 21 Sept. 2020b, https://wrestlingheadlines.com/spoiler-update-on-robert-roodes-wwe-status/ Middleton, Marc. “WWE Super ShowDown Results 2/27/2020.” Wrestling Headlines, 27 Feb. 2020c, https://lordsofpain.net/wwe-super-showdown-results-2-27-2020/. Miller, Rachel. “#GiveDivasAChance Turns 5: How A Simple Hashtag Changed Women's Wrestling In The WWE Forever.” Sportskeeda, 21 Feb. 2020, https://www.sportskeeda.com/wwe/givedivasachance-turns-5-how-a-simple-hashtag-changed-women-s-wrestling-in-the-wwe-forever Neumann, Sean. “The Top 25 WWE Entrance Songs of All Time.” Vice, 18 Jan. 2018, https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/vbyq9a/the-top-25-wwe-entrance-songs-of-all-time. Newman, Sydney, creator. Doctor Who. BBC, 2005. Nolan, Emma. “WWE ThunderDome Sees Trolls Broadcast KKK, Beheading Images on Live TV.” Newsweek, 25 Aug. 2020, https://www.newsweek.com/wwe-thunderdome-trolls-virtual-fans-chris-benoit-kkk-beheading-images-live-tv-1527446. Odrowska, Aleksandra M., and Karlijn Massar. “Predicting Guild Commitment in World of Warcarft with the Investment Model of Commitment.” Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 34, 2014, pp. 235– 40. O'Leary, Sean. “10 Reasons Why I Love AEW.” Sean O'Leary, 20 Aug. 2020, https://stholeary.medium.com/10-reasons-why-i-love-aew-e7cb7dfe4cae Oliver, Nick. “Rewards, “Investments, Alternatives and Organizational Commitment: Empirical Evidence and Theoretical Development.” Journal of Occupational Psychology, vol. 63, no. 1, 1990, pp. 19– 31. Otterson, Joe. “AEW Poised to Be ‘Sports-Centric Alternative’ to WWE With WarnerMedia TV Deal.” Variety, 15 May 2019, https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/all-elite-wrestling-tnt-aew-1203207820/. Pooley, Jack. “ WWE Super ShowDown 2020: Every Match Ranked From Worst To Best.” WhatCulture, 2020, https://whatculture.com/wwe/wwe-super-showdown-2020-every-match-ranked-from-worst-to-best Powell, Jason. “Powell's WWE Raw Hit List: Bobby Lashley and Goldberg, Randy Orton and Riddle, Nikki ASH, Rhea Ripley, and Charlotte Flair, Drew McIntyre vs. Veer and Shanky in a Handicap Match, Reggie in the Park, Mace vs. Mansoor.” ProWrestling, 17 Aug. 2021, https://prowrestling.net/site/2021/08/17/powells-wwe-raw-hit-list-bobby-lashley-and-goldberg-randy-orton-and-riddle-nikki-ash-rhea-ripley-and-charlotte-flair-drew-mcintyre-vs-veer-and-shanky-in-a-handicap-match-reggie-in-the-park/. “r/fantasybooking: Where Everyone is Better than Actual Writers.” Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/fantasybooking/ Reinhard, CarrieLynn D., and Christopher J. Olson. “ Introduction: Defining Convergent Wrestling.” Convergent Wrestling: Participatory Culture, Transmedia Storytelling, and Intertextuality in the Squared Circle edited by Carrie D. Reinhard, and Christopher J. Olson, Routledge, 2019, pp. 1– 14. Rusbult, Caryl E. “Commitment and Satisfaction in Romantic Associations: A Test of the Investment Model.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 16, no. 2, 1980, pp. 172– 86. Rusbult, Caryl E. “A Longitudinal Test of the Investment Model: The Development (and Deterioration) of Satisfaction and Commitment in Heterosexual Involvements.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 45, no. 1, 1983, pp. 101– 17. Rusbult, Caryl E., and John M. Martz. “Remaining in an Abusive Relationship: An Investment Model Analysis of Nonvoluntary Dependence.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol. 21, no. 6, 1995, pp. 558– 71. Schaub, Michael. “In This Dumpster-Fire of a Year, Merriam-Webster has Embiggened its Dictionary.” Los Angeles Times, 5 Mar. 2018, https://www.latimes.com/books/la-et-jc-new-words-merriam-webster-welp-20180305-story.html. Sedikides, Constantine, and Tim Wildschut. “Finding Meaning in Nostalgia.” Review of General Psychology, vol. 22, no. 1, 2018, pp. 48– 61. seven19td. “Why Do We Still Watch WWE.” Reddit, 3 Feb. 2020, https://www.reddit.com/r/SquaredCircle/comments/eydt7e/why_do_we_still_watch_wwe/ Stonehouse, Gary. “Fan Trust: WWE Set to Change New ThunderDome System After Showing Series of Disturbing Pictures Live on Air.” The US Sun, 28 Aug. 2020, https://www.the-sun.com/sport/1382368/wwe-thunderdome-system-fan-changes/. Su, John J. Ethics and Nostalgia in the Contemporary Novel. Cambridge UP, 2005. Thompson, Andrew. “Hulk Hogan Reflects On His WrestleMania X8 Match With The Rock; Says He Was Not Expecting The Crowd To Turn.” Fightful, 19 Oct. 2018, https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/hulk-hogan-reflects-his-wrestlemania-x8-match-rock-says-he-was-not-expecting-crowd-turn Uysal, Ahmet. “Commitment to Multiplayer Online Games: An Investment Model Approach.” Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 61 2016, pp. 357– 63. @VinceMcMahon. “We hear you. Keep watching. #GiveDivasAChance.” 24 Feb. 2015, 9:35 p.m., twitter.com/vincemcmahon/status/570426751618314240 Wells, Adam. “ WWE Raw Ratings Drop to Lowest of 2019 with Taped Christmas Episode.” Bleacher Report, 24 Dec. 2019, https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2868418-wwe-raw-ratings-drop-to-lowest-of-2019-with-taped-christmas-episode. Wildschut, Tim, et al. “Nostalgia: Content, Triggers, Functions.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 91, no. 5, 2006, pp. 975– 93. Wilson, Janelle L. Nostalgia: Sanctuary of Meaning. Bucknell UP, 2005. @wrestlenomics. “WWE Raw TV Viewership: Growth % vs. Same Month Prior Year.” Twitter, 6 Aug. 2020, 12:46 p.m., twitter.com/wrestlenomics/status/1291430579922247681/photo/1 @x_Beast17_x. “ If this doen't lead to Otis losing his MITB Briefcase, I am officially cancelling my watchwrestling subscription.” Twitter, 19 Sept. 2020, 11:01 p.m., twitter.com/x_Beast17_x/status/1307530410855981056 Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue ReferencesRelatedInformation

Referência(s)
Altmetric
PlumX