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Giants of the Amazon: How does environmental variation drive the diversity patterns of large trees?

2023; Wiley; Volume: 29; Issue: 17 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1111/gcb.16821

1365-2486

Róbson Borges de Lima, Eric Bastos Görgens, Diego Armando Silva da Silva, Cinthia Pereira de Oliveira, Anderson Pedro Bernardina Batista, Rinaldo Luíz Caraciolo Ferreira, Flávia R. C. Costa, Renato A. Ferreira de Lima, Perseu da Silva Aparício, Jadson Coelho de Abreu, José Antônio Aleixo da Silva, Aretha Franklin Guimarães, Philip M. Fearnside, Thaiane R. Sousa, Ricardo Perdiz, Níro Higuchi, Érika Berenguer, Angélica Faria de Resende, Fernando Elias, Carolina V. Castilho, Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros, João Ramos de Matos Filho, Maurício Alves Sardinha, Márcio André Furtado Freitas, José Jussian da Silva, Aldemir Pereira da Cunha, Renan Mendes Santos, Adriane Esquivel‐Muelbert, Marcelino Carneiro Guedes, Reinaldo Imbrózio, Carla Samara Campelo de Sousa, Wegliane Campelo da Silva Aparício, Breno Marques da Silva e Silva, Celice Alexandre Silva, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Ben Hur Marimon, Paulo S. Morandi, Danielle Storck‐Tonon, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Juliana Schietti, Fernanda Coelho, Danilo Roberti Alves de Almeida, Wendeson Castro, Samuel de Pádua Chaves e Carvalho, Robson Dos Santos Alves da Silva, Juliana M. Silveira, José Luís Camargo, Karina Melgaço, Lucas Mazzei, Laura B. Vedovato, Maíra Benchimol, Gabriel de Oliveira de Almeida, Ghillean Τ. Prance, Alan Bernardes da Silveira, Marcelo Fragomeni Simon, Marcos Leandro Garcia, Marcos Silveira, Marcos Salgado Vital, Maryane Bento Trindade de Andrade, Natalino Silva, Raimunda Oliveira de Araújo, Larissa Cavalheiro, Rainiellen de Sá Carpanedo, Letícia Fernandes, Ângelo Gilberto Manzatto, Ricardo Teixeira Gregório de Andrade, William E. Magnusson, Bill Laurance, Bruce Nelson, Carlos A. Peres, Douglas C. Daly, Domingos de Jesus Rodrigues, Ana Paula Zopeletto, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Estelle Dugachard, F. R. Barbosa, Flávia Delgado Santana, Iêda Leão do Amaral, Leandro Valle Ferreira, Leandro Schwertner Charão, Joice Ferreira, Jos Barlow, Lilian Blanc, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Plínio Sist, Rafael P. Salomão, Antônio Sérgio Lima da Silva, Susan G. W. Laurance, Ted R. Feldpausch, Toby Gardner, Wagner de Paulo Santiago, William Balée, William F. Laurance, Yadvinder Malhi, Oliver L. Phillips, Antônio Carlos da Silva Zanzini, Clarissa Rosa, Wagner Tadeu Oliveira, Lucas Pereira Zanzini, Ricardo José da Silva, Ana Luisa Albernaz,

Species Distribution and Climate Change

For more than three decades, major efforts in sampling and analyzing tree diversity in South America have focused almost exclusively on trees with stems of at least 10 and 2.5 cm diameter, showing highest species diversity in the wetter western and northern Amazon forests. By contrast, little attention has been paid to patterns and drivers of diversity in the largest canopy and emergent trees, which is surprising given these have dominant ecological functions. Here, we use a machine learning approach to quantify the importance of environmental factors and apply it to generate spatial predictions of the species diversity of all trees (dbh ≥ 10 cm) and for very large trees (dbh ≥ 70 cm) using data from 243 forest plots (108,450 trees and 2832 species) distributed across different forest types and biogeographic regions of the Brazilian Amazon. The diversity of large trees and of all trees was significantly associated with three environmental factors, but in contrasting ways across regions and forest types. Environmental variables associated with disturbances, for example, the lightning flash rate and wind speed, as well as the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation, tend to govern the diversity of large trees. Upland rainforests in the Guiana Shield and Roraima regions had a high diversity of large trees. By contrast, variables associated with resources tend to govern tree diversity in general. Places such as the province of Imeri and the northern portion of the province of Madeira stand out for their high diversity of species in general. Climatic and topographic stability and functional adaptation mechanisms promote ideal conditions for species diversity. Finally, we mapped general patterns of tree species diversity in the Brazilian Amazon, which differ substantially depending on size class.