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A Russian stooge or a Greek puppet? Joachim III’s struggle for autonomy of the Patriarchate of Constantinople (1864-1912)

2023; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 60; Issue: 4 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/00263206.2023.2247993

1743-7881

Denis Vovchenko,

Ottoman Empire History and Society

AbstractEstablished in 1830, Greece was the first post-Ottoman nation-state. It ambitiously aimed to incorporate all Ottoman provinces populated both by ethnic Greeks and the Slavic-speaking flock of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. In contrast, the Romanovs' realm was the only Orthodox Great Power of Europe and one of its last dynastic confessional empires. The Russians had long acted on the flattering self-image as defenders of their suffering coreligionists who also served as the basis of their influence in the Sultan's realm. Greek and Russian conflicting demands and expectations of a theocratic institution caught in a difficult transition reveal the tension between tradition and modernity in Eastern Europe and the Middle East at the turn of the twentieth century. This article is novel because it relies on both Greek and Russian archival and rare published sources from the 1864-1912 period. It also calls for a contingency-based approach rather than for static or linear interpretations. This kind of conceptualization contributes to the theoretical framework developed by Paschalis Kitromilides to describe the identity politics in the Orthodox Christian world after the Crimean War (1853-1856). Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.Notes1 The classic account of the Tanzimat period (1856-1876) is Roderic Davison's The Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963); Selim Deringil argued convincingly that the reforms did not stop under Abdulhamid II: The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology & the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1909 (London, New York: I.B. Tauris, 1998).2 Elli Skopetea, To 'protypo vasileio' kai e Megali Idea. Opseis tou ethnikou provlimatos stin Ellada (1830-1880) [The 'Model Kingdom' and the Great Idea. Perspectives on the National Problem in Greece (1830-1880)] (Athens: Polytypo, 1988), p.326.3 Robert Crews, 'Empire and the Confessional State: Islam and Religious Politics in Nineteenth-Century Russia', American Historical Review Vol. 108, 1 (February 2003), pp.50-83.4 Denis Vovchenko, Containing Balkan Nationalism: Imperial Russia and Ottoman Christians (1856-1914) (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp.19-66.5 Paschalis Kitromilides, 'The Ecumenical Patriarchate', in Lucian Leustean (ed.), Orthodox Christianity and Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century Southeastern Europe (New York: Fordham University Press, 2014), pp.14-33; Kitromilides, Religion and Politics in the Orthodox World: the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the Challenges of Modernity (London and New York: Routledge, 2019), pp.50-51.6 Paschalis Kitromilides, 'Apo ten Orthodoxe Koinopoliteia stis ethnikes koinotetes: to politico periehomeno ton ellenorosikon pnevmatikon sheseon kata ten tourkokratia' [From the Orthodox Commonwealth to National Communities: Political Aspects of the Greek-Russian Spiritual Relations in the Period of Turkish Domination], in Hilia hronia Ellenismou-Rosias. Hellas-Russia, One Thousand Years of Bonds (Athens: Gnose, 1994), pp.159-64.7 Manouil Gedeon, Mneia ton pro emou, 1800-1863-1913 [Before My Time, 1800-1863-1913] (Athens: Ta Chronika, 1934), p.306.8 Ibid., p.289.9 E Koine ton Alytroton Ellenon Epitropeia [United Unredeemed Greeks Committee], Eis mnemen tou Ioakeim III [In Memory of Joachim III] (Athens: Andreas Mpoukoures, 1917), p.11.10 Yura Konstantinova, 'Slavianskiie i antislavianskiie idei bolgar i grekov (seredina XIX – nachalo XX vv.)' [Slavic and Anti-Slavic Ideas among Greeks and Bulgarians (mid-19th-early 20th c.)], in S.I. Danchenko (ed.), Slaviane i Rossiia. Rossiia: vzgliad na Balkany. K 100-letiiu so dnia rozhdeniia I.S. Dostian [The Slavs and Russia: Russia's View of the Balkans: On the Occasion of the 100th Anniversary of I.S. Dostian's Birth] (Moscow: Institut slavianovedeniia RAN, 2021), p.321.11 Evangelos Kofos, 'Patriarch Joachim III (1878-1884) and the Irredentist Policy of the Greek State', Journal of Modern Greek Studies Vol. 4, 2 (October 1986), pp.117-18.12 Yura Konstantinova, 'The Greek-Bulgarian Schism and the Conflict between Charilaos Tricoupis and Joachim III', Etudes Balkaniques Vol. 1 (2006), p.104, 115.13 Chrestos Kardaras, To Oikoumeniko Patriarheio kai o alytrotos Ellenismos meta apo to synderio tou Verolinou (1878) [The Ecumenical Patriarchate and Unredeemed Greeks after the Congress of Berlin (18780] (Athens: Epikairoteta, 1996), pp.45-46, 94-95, 113, 117-19, 127-28, 33-134, 215, 312, 383, 386-87.14 Kardaras, To Oikoumeniko, pp.30, 53-54, 123, 153-78 (Joachim III's controversial Athos policy), 252, 258, 355, 384-85.15 Lora Gerd, Konstantinopol i Peterburg: Tserkovnaia politika Rossii na Pravoslavnom Vostoke (1878-1898) [Constantinople and St Petersburg: Russian's Ecclesiastical Policy in the Orthodox East (1878-1898)] (Moscow: Indrik, 2006), p.57, 201.16 Demetrios Stamatopoulos, '"…Den ginetai na men einai Phanariotes sten psyhe tou": Oikoumenismos kai Ethnikismos apo ten prote ste deutere patriarheia tou Ioakeim III' [He Can't Help Being a Phanariot in His Soul: Ecumenism and Nationalism between Joachim III's First and Second Terms], in Theodoros Dardaveses (ed.), O Ioakeim III o Megaloprepes, o apo Thessalonikes Oikoumenikos Patriarhes kai e epohe tou [Joachim III the Magnificent, the Patriarch from Thessaloniki, and His Age] (Thessaloniki: e Philoptohos Adelphotes Andron Thessalonikes, 2012), pp.210-12.17 Lora Gerd, Konstantinopolskii Patriarkhat i Rossiia, 1901-1914 [Russia and the Patriarchate of Constantinople, 1901-1914] (Moscow: Indrik, 2014), p.84, 90, 91, 112.18 Stamatopoulos, '"…Den ginetai…"', p.220.19 Stamatopoulos, '"…Den ginetai…'", p.214.20 Stefo Benlisoy, '"Ahalinin Arzusu": Patrik Yuvakim III. ve Anadolulu Ortodokslar' ['People's Desire': Patriarch Joachim III and Anatolian Orthodox Christians], Toplumsal Tarih, Vol. 254 (February 2015), p.9; Stavros Th. Anestides, 'Ioakeim o G. Arhiepiskopos Konstantinoupoleos kai Oikoumenikos Patriarhes (1878-1884; 1901-1912)' [Joachim III, the Archbishop of Constantinople and the Ecumenical Patriarch], Deltio Kentrou Mikrasiatikon Spoudon Vol. 6 (1986-1987), p.397.21 A. Olkhin to N.P. Ignatiev, 9 December 1864, Zina Markova, Mihail Birman, Nikolai Zhechev et al. (eds), Rusiia i bulgarskoto tserkovno-natsionalno dvizheniie [Russia and the Bulgarian National Church Movement]. Vol. 2 (1864-1867) (Sofia: Academy of Sciences, 1990), pp.133-34.22 A. Olkhin to N.P. Ignatiev, 15 January 1865, ibid., p.142.23 A. Olkhin to N.P. Ignatiev, 15 January 1865, ibid., pp.142-43.24 A. Olkhin to N.P. Ignatiev, 17 July 1865, ibid., pp.195-97.25 N.G. Daskalov to N.P. Ignatiev, ibid., 9 September 1866, p.321.26 N.G. Daskalov to N.P. Ignatiev, 23 January 1866, ibid., pp. 250-52.27 V. Niagin to N.P. Ignatiev, 22 December 1869 in Ogniana Mazhdrakova, Ogniana Panaiotova, Zina Markova et al. (eds), Rusiia i bulgarskoto tserkovno-natsionalno dvizheniie. Vol. 3 (1867-1869) (Sofia: Glavno Upravlenie na Arkhivite, 2002), p.537.28 Denis Vovchenko, Containing Balkan Nationalism: Imperial Russia and Ottoman Christians (1856-1914) (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp.93-103.29 Joachim to Patriarchate, 25 June 1865, Petur Nikov (ed.), Bulgarskogoto vuzrazhdane vu Varna i Varnensko: Mitropolit Ioakim i negovata korespondentsiia [Bulgarian Revival in Varna and the Varna Area: Archbishop Joachim and His Correspondence] (Sofia: Pridvorna Pechatnitsa, 1934), p.226.30 'To Voulgarikon Zetema' [The Bulgarian Question], Kairoi (Athens), 2 (20 May 1872), p.1.31 Archbishop Joachim to Joachim II, 16 October 1872, Nikov (ed.), Bulgarskogoto vuzrazhdane, pp.432-36.32 Stamatopoulos, '"…Den ginetai…"', p.207, 214.33 AVPRI (Russian Imperial Foreign Policy Archive), 151-482-3551, p.75ob, Charykov to Foreign Ministry, 27 October/9 November 1910.34 Demetrios Stamatopoulos, 'E endokoinotike syngrouse ste Thessalolonike (1872-1874) kai e syntaxe tou protou koinotikou kanonismou' [The Intra-Community Conflict in Thessaloniki (1872-1874) and the Making of the First Community Statute], Valkanika Symmeikta Vol. 10 (1998), pp.79, 93, 95-96.35 Ibid., p.84.36 AYE (Greek Foreign Ministry Archive), 1874, 76.1, Langadas to Foreign Ministry, 12 June 1874.37 By some accounts, he even urged the local Christian elites to collect money for the rebels and to supply them with intelligence – Evangelos Hekimoglu, 'E Orthodoxe koinoteta Thessalonikes ten epohe pou o Ioakeim etan o Metropolites tes poles (1874-1878)' [The Orthodox Community of Thessaloniki under Archbishop Joachim], in Theodoros Dardaveses (ed.), O Ioakeim III o Megaloprepes, p.45.38 Joachim to Patriarchate, 21 April 1874, Athanasios E. Karathanases and Georgios Triantafyllides (eds), Ioakeim Metropolites Thessalonikes. E episemos allelografia (1874-1876) [Archbishop Joachim of Thessaloniki. The Official Correspondence] (Thessaloniki: Kyriakides, 2002), p.156.39 NIORRGB (Russian State Library Manuscript Division), 148-7-10, p.85, Makarii (Sushkin) to Leonid (Kavelin), 11 October 1878.40 AYE, 'Embassy in Constantinople' 1878, no. 2905, 5 October 1878, Andreas Kountouriotis to Theodoros Deliyiannis.41 Ibid., no. 2832, 1 October 1878, Andreas Kountouriotis to Theodoros Deliyiannis.42 RGVIA (Russian Military History Archive), 846-1-30, pp.94-95, Lobanov-Rostovskii to Giers, 7/19 October 1878.43 RGVIA, 846-1-31, p.39, Lobanov-Rostovskii to Giers, 5/17 November 1878.44 Georgii Begleri to Ivan Troitskii, 21 September 1878, in Lora Gerd (ed.), Rossiia i Pravoslavnyi Vostok. Konstantinopolskii Patriarkhat v kontse XIX veka. Pisma G. P. Begleri k prof. I. E. Troitskomu, 1878-1898 [Russia and the Orthodox East: The Constantinople Patriarchate in the late 19th Century: The Letters of G.P. Begleri to Prof. I.E. Troitskii] (St Petersburg: Oleg Abyshko, 2003), p.51.45 Ibid., Begleri to Troitskii, 23 October 1878, pp.55-56.46 Ibid., Begleri to Troitskii, 5 February 1879, p.58.47 RGVIA, 846-16-8796, p.13, Lobanov-Rostovskii to Dondukov-Korsakov, 20 November 1878.48 RGVIA, 846-16-8796, p.11, Lobanov-Rostovskii to Dondukov-Korsakov, 9 September 1878.49 Archive of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, A 49, p.128, Number 2092, Metropolitan Agathangelos of Ephesus to the Greek Ambassador in Constantinople, 31 May 1878.50 AVPRI (Russian Foreign Ministry Archive), f. 161/3, op. 233 (1850-1884), part IV, pp.2466-2469, Joachim III to the Russian Embassy, 3 March 1879.51 Ibid., 13 March 1879, p.2472.52 RGVIA, 846-2-17, p.45, Lobanov-Rostovskii to Giers, 5/17 April 1879.53 AYE, 76.1, no. 2008, 1879, 1 March 1879.54 Justin McCarthy, Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922 (Princeton: Darwin Press, 1995), pp.59-108.55 Selim Deringil, 'The Ottoman Empire and Russian Muslims: Brothers or Rivals?', Central Asian Survey Vol. 13, 3 (1994), pp.409-16.56 Demetrios Stamatopoulos, Metarrythmisi kai Ekkosmikevsi: Pros Mia Anasynthesi tis Istorias tou Oikoumenikou Patriarheiou ton 19o aiona [Reform and Secularization: Towards a Reconceptualization of the Ecumenical Patriarchate's Nineteenth-Century History] (Athens: Aleksandreia, 2003), p.327.57 Joachim III to Grand Vizier Said Pasha, 19 November 1879, Chrestos Kardaras (ed.), Joachim III – Charilaos Trikoupes: E Antiparathese. Apo ten Anekdote Allelografia tou Oikoumenikou Patriarhe (1878-1884) [Joachim III vs Charilaos Trikoupes from Unpublished Correspondence of the Ecumenical Patriarch] (Athens: Trohalia, 1998), pp. 81-83.58 Andreas Koundouriotes to Alexandros Koumoundouros, 14 January 1880, ibid., p.91.59 Joachim III to Konstantinos Mousouros, 25 June 1880, ibid., pp.97-98.60 NIORRGB, 148-7-10, p.92ob, Makarii (Sushkin) to Leonid (Kavelin), 6 December 1879.61 NIORRGB, 148-7-11, p.4ob, Makarii to Leonid, 3 April 1880.62 GARF (State Archive of the Russian Federation), 730-1-3027, p.79, Ieronim to N.P. Ignatiev, 10 November 1879.63 GARF, 730-1-3027, p.23ob, Ieronim to Ignatiev, 5 August 1880.64 Ibid., p.33ob, Ieronim and Makarii to Ignatiev 9 May 1882.65 GARF, 730-1-3027, p.40, Ieronim to Ignatiev, 9 July 1883.66 AYE, 'Embassy in Constantinople' 1882, Charilaos Trikoupes to Andreas Kountouriotes, 30 June 1882, no 5480; Daniel Stergiades to Charilaos Trikoupes, 2 August 1882.67 Joachim III to Andreas Koundouriotes, 27 July 1882, Kardaras (ed.), He antiparathese, p.145.68 AYE, Embassy in Constantinople, 1882, Daniel Stergiadis to the Greek Foreign Ministry, 2 August 1882.69 Ibid., Joachim III to A.G. Kountouriotis, 27 July 1882.70 AYE, Embassy in Constantinople, 1880, no. 59, 8 January 1880, Kountouriotis to Deliyiannis.71 Joachim III to Andreas Koundouriotes, 26 September 1882, ibid., p.149.72 Begleri to Troitskii, 25 June 1881, Rossiia i Pravoslavnyi Vostok, p.74.73 Begleri to Troitskii, 14 April 1880, ibid., p.64.74 Vostok, 20 (7 November 1879), p.303.75 Vostok, 23 (29 November 1879), p.350.76 Ivan Sokolov, Kogda i kak mozhet sovershitsia okonchatelnoie osvobozhdenie vostochnykh khristian? [When and How Will Eastern Christians Be Completely Liberated?] (St Petersburg: Strannik, 1883), pp.3-9. An offprint from the Strannik magazine (1883).77 AVPRI, 151-(1880-1884)-482-3551/1, p.6, Novikov to Giers, 21 October/2 November 1881.78 AVPRI, 151-482-3555/1, p.10, Novikov to Girs, 21 October 1881.79 RGVIA, 401-4/928-1881-35, pp.128ob-134ob, Ekk to Obruchev, 28 September 1881.80 Ibid., p.38.81 N. Sprostranov to Foreign Ministry, 10 April 1883, Mikhail Arnaudov (ed.), Kum istoriiata na Bulgarskata Ekzarkhiia. Dokumenti ot 1881 do 1890 godina [Towards a History of the Bulgarian Exarchate: The 1881-1890 Documents] (Sofia: Sofia University Press, 1944), pp.48-53.82 N. Sprostranov to the Bulgarian Foreign Ministry, 25 March 1883, Arnaudov (ed.), Kum istoriiata, p.34.83 'Epistolousin emin ek Serron' [Our Correspondent from Serres], Kairoi, 1 (16 September 1883), pp.3-4.84 Exarch Iosif to Foreign Minister, 25 December 1882, Velichko Georgiev and Staiko Trifonov (eds.), Ekzarkh Bulgarski Iosif I. Pisma i Dokladi [Exarch Iosif I: Letters and Reports] (Sofia: Klub '90, 1994), pp.23-24, 33.85 Joachim III to Kountouriotes, 18 November 1880, Kardaras (ed.), He antiparathese, pp.99-100.86 Ibid., Joachim III to Kountouriotes, 16 June 1883, p.193.87 Joachim III to Koundouriotes, 20 June 1883, ibid., pp.196-97.88 Joachim III to Koundouriotes, 20 April 1883, ibid., p.181.89 Joachim III to Koundouriotes, 28 June 1883, ibid., p.203.90 Stamatopoulos, '"…Den ginetai…"' p.195, 198.91 Joachim III to Koundouriotes, 8 August 1883, Kardaras (ed.), He antiparathese, pp.206-09.92 Haris Exertzoglu, 'To "pronomiakon" zetema' [The Question of Privileges], Historika, 9, 16 (June 1992), p.67.93 Joachim III to Koundouriotes, 10 November 1883, Kardaras (ed.), He antiparathese, pp.249-50.94 Joachim III to Koundouriotes, 29 November 1883, ibid., pp.261-62.95 Joachim III to Koundouriotes, 3 December 1883, ibid., p.265.96 Joachim III to Justice Minister, 9 December 1883, ibid., p.266.97 Joachim III to Koundouriotes, 13 December 1883, ibid., p.267.98 AVPRI, 151-482-3555/2, pp.6-11, Giers to Nelidov, 19 December 1883.99 Kairoi, 83 (7 December 1883), p.2.100 Kairoi, 103 (28 December 1883), p.2.101 Begleri to Troitskii, 9 January 1884, in Lora Gerd (ed.), Rossiia i Pravoslavnyi, p.83.102 Kairoi, 122 (17 January 1884), p.1.103 Kairoi, 126 (21 January 1884), p.2.104 Kairoi, 147 (11 February 1884), p.2; Kairoi, 172 (9 March 1884), p.1.105 AVPRI, 151-482-3555/2, p.17ob, 'Dela tserkovnyie. Konstantinopolskaia Patriarkhiia. 1884-1885' [Church Affairs. The Patriarchate of Constantinople].106 Kairoi, 196 (3 April 1884), p.1.107 Kairoi, 199 (6 April 1884), pp.1-2.108 Joachim III to the Minister of Justice and Religious Affairs, 12 November 1883, 'Ofitsialnaia perepiska Konstantinopolskoi Patriarkhii s Ottomanskim Pravitelstvom o pravakh i preimushestvakh grecheskogo dukhovenstva v Turetskoi imperii' [Official Correspondence of the Constantinople Patriarchate with the Ottoman Government Concerning the Rights and Privileges of Greek Clergy in the Turkish Empire], Khristianskoie Chteniie, part II (1884), p.469.109 Exertzoglu, 'To "pronomiakon" zetema', pp.68-69.110 Elias K. Nikolaou, 'Ek tou Arxeiou Steph. Dragoume: Agnoste Allelographia peri ton Oikoumeniko Patriarhe Ioakeim III' [From the Stephanos Dragoumes Archive: Unknown Correspondence Concerning the Ecumenical Patriarch Joachim III], in Athanasios Karathanases (ed.), O apo Thessalonikes Oikoumenikos Patriarhes Ioakeim III o Megaloprepes [Joachim III the Magnificent, the Ecumenical Patriarch from Thessaoloniki] (Thessaloniki, 1994), pp.215-19.111 Begleri to Troitskii, January 1887, Lora Gerd (ed.), Rossiia i Pravoslavnyi Vostok, p.97.112 Gennadius Library Archive, Collection 'Stephanos Dragoumes', f. 32, no 2051, p.29, G. Dokos to S. Dragoumes, 24 August 1887.113 NIORRGB, 148-7-11, p.72ob, Makarii to Leonid, 28 September 1887.114 Begleri to Troitskii, 26 April 1891, Rossiia i Pravoslavnyi Vostok, p.201.115 Vasilii Teplov, Greko-bolgarskii tserkovnyi vopros po neizdannym istochnikam [The Greek-Bulgarian Church Question in Light of Unpublished Sources] (St Petersburg, 1889), p.172.116 AYE, 'Embassy in Constantinople', 1883, Joachim III to Kountouriotes, 12 November 1883.117 AVPRI, 151-482-3570, p.30ob, Bahmetev to Giers, 11 November 1890.118 AVPRI, 151-1898-1899-482-3594, pp.2-5, Zinoviev to Foreign Ministry, 9 October 1898.119 Vemund Aarbakke, Ethnic Rivalry and the Quest for Macedonia, 1870-1913 (Boulder: East European Monographs, 2003), p.97.120 AVPRI, 151-1898-1899-482-3594, pp.19-20, Mashkov to Zinoviev, 3 September 1899.121 Hugh Poulton, Who Are the Macedonians? (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995), pp.54-56.122 Aarbakke, Ethnic Rivalry, pp.145-46.123 AVPRI, 151-482 (1896)-3521, N. I. Nelidov to N. K. Giers, 1/13 April 1896, p.7ob.124 AVPRI, 180-517/2-3242, pp.166-78ob, Constantinople Embassy to Foreign Ministry, 25 June 1894.125 AVPRI, 151-482-3532, pp.22-22ob, Zinoviev to Lamsdorf, 10/23 July 1901.126 Patriarch Constantine V to Ambassador Zinoviev, 23 March 1898, The Archive of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, A 70, pp.111-2, Number 1442.127 The Patriarchate to the Archbishop of Pelagonia, 12 August 1898, ibid., A 70, p.331, Number 4709.128 The Patriarchate to the Russian Embassy, 28 July 1907, ibid., A80, pp.297-98, Number 5194.129 Patriarch Joachim III to Ambassador Zinoviev, 24 November 1901, ibid., A73, p.421, Number 7328.130 AVPRI, 151-482-3532, pp.4ob-5ob, Zinoviev to the Foreign Minister, 9/22 January 1901.131 The Patriarchate to Archbishop of Moglena, 27 May 1899, the Archive of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, A71, p.178, Number 544.132 Anestides, 'Ioakeim', pp.394-95.133 Spyridon Sfetas, 'Anamesa sten Oikoumenike Politike kai to Ethniko Sympheron: O Ioakeim III kai to Zetema tes Arses tou Voulgarikou Shismatos' [Between Ecumenical Policy and National Interest: Joachim III and the Issue of Lifting the Bulgarian Schism], in Theodoros Dardaveses (ed.), O Ioakeim III o Megaloprepes, o apo Thessalonikes Oikoumenikos Patriarhes kai e epohe tou (Thessalonike: e Philoptohos Adelphotes Andron Thessalonikes, 2012), pp.235-36.134 AVPRI, 151-482-3528, pp.81ob-82, Zinoviev to Foreign Ministry, 22 June 1900.135 Ibid., pp.96-97ob, Shcherbachev to Foreign Ministry, 26 October/8 November 1900.136 AVPRI, 151-482-3532, p.10, Lamsdorf to Zinoviev, 31 January 1901; see more in Denis Vovchenko, 'Creating Arab Nationalism? Russia and Greece in Ottoman Syria and Palestine (1840-1909)', Middle Eastern Studies Vol. 49, 6 (2013), pp.901-18.137 Ibid., p.16, Lamsdorf to Zinoviev, 3 April 1901.138 AVPRI, 151-482-3532, pp.51-51ob, Zinoviev to Foreign Ministry.139 AVPRI, 151-482-3532, pp.69-70, Shcherbachev to Lamsdorf, 4/17 May 1901.140 Ibid., pp.60-61, Onou to Foreign Ministry, 18 April 1901.141 Ibid., p.63ob, Shcherbachev to Foreign Ministry, 12/25 May 1901.142 Antonii of Ufa to Joachim III, 1901, Sbornik izbrannykh sochinenii Blazhenneishego Antonia, Mitropolita Kievskogo i Galitskogo [Select Works of His Beatitude Archbishop Antonii of Kiev and Galich] (Belgrade: Slovo, 1935), p.138.143 Georgios Tsetses, Ioakeim o G kai e patriarhike kai synodike engiklios tou 1902. Skepseis kai provlimatismoi epi te symplirosei ekatontaeitias apo tes exapolyseos tes (1902-2002) [Joachim III and the Patriarchal and Synodical Encyclical of 1902: Rethinking Its One Hundredth Anniversary] (Athens: 2002. Offprint from 'Epistemonike Parousia Estias Theologon Halkes', Vol. 5 (1952-2002), pp.609-22), pp.612-14.144 Archpriest K. Thomenko, 'Vostok, Zapad, i Rossiia v religiozno-nravstvennom otnoshenii' [Religious and Moral Relations between the East, the West, and Russia], Trudy Kievskoi Dukhovnoi Akademii, 3 (March 1903), p.380.145 A. P. Lebedev, 'Zachem by nam patriarch?' (1907) [Why Do We Need a Patriarch?], 'Velikii i v malom.' Issledovaniia po istorii Russkoi Tserkvi i razvitiia russkoi tserkovno-istoricheskoi nauki ['Great in Little Things': Russian Church History Studies] (St Petersburg: Oleg Byshko, 2008), p.263.146 Gedeon, Mneia, p.307.147 AVPRI, 151-482-3544, pp.110-11, Zinoviev to Lamsdorf, 5/18 October 1904.148 Ibid., pp.145-45ob, Shcherbachev to Lamsdorf, 21 November 1904, Athens.149 AVPRI, 151-482-3610, pp.4-5, Zinoviev to Foreign Ministry, 16/29 March 1906.150 As argued by Stamatopoulos, '"…Den ginetai…"', p.220.151 Gerd, Konstantinopolskii Patriarkhat, p.149.152 Cyril of Adrianople et al. to Abdul Hamid II, 10 August 1903, Episima Engrafa Peri Tis En Makedonia Odyniras Katastaseos [Official Documents Concerning Macedonia's Plight] (Thessaloniki: Kyriakidi, 1993, orig. 1906), pp.6-7.153 AVPRI, 151-482-1904-307, pp.4-4ob, Shcherbachev to the Foreign Ministry, 16 January 1904.154 Germanos of Kastoria to Joachim III, 18 March 1904, Episima Engrafa Peri Tis En Makedonia Odyniras Katastaseos, pp.44-45.155 Germanos, Apomnemonevmata Germanou Karavangeli [The Memoirs of Germanos Karavangelis] (Thessaloniki: Barbunakis, 1990-1994), pp.30-38.156 AVPRI, 151-482-309, p.36, Giers to Lamsdorf, 6 June 1904.157 RGVIA, 400-3-2951, pp.4ob-16, Shostak to the General Staff, 19 January 1907.158 AVPRI, 151-482-3549, p.6, Zinoviev to Foreign Ministry, 10/23 February 1907.159 AVPRI, 151-482-3549, p.57, Petriaiev to the Foreign Ministry, 22-24 August 1907.160 Paschalis Kitromilides, 'To telos tes ethnarchikes paradoses. Martyries apo anekdotes epistoles tou Chrysostomou Smyrnes pros ton Iona Dragoume' [The End of Ethnarchic Tradition in Light of Unpublished Letters of Archbishop Chrysostomos of Smyrna to Ion Dragoumes], in Amytos ste mneme Fote Apostolopoulou [Festschrift in Memory of Fotes Apostolopoulou] (Athens: Asia Minor Studies Center, 1984), p.501.161 Archive of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, A76, pp.17-18, Number 7525, Joachim III to the Greek Embassy, 14 November 1903.162 AVPRI, 151-482-3549, pp.53ob-55ob, Zinoviev to the Foreign Ministry, 9/22 June 1907.163 Archive of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, A82, p.438, Number 7078, Patriarchate to the Greek Ambassador Gryparis, 10 October 1908.164 The Patriarchate to the Greek Embassy, 21 April 1909, ibid., A83, p.122, Number 2322.165 Rizospastis, 25 (25 July/7 August 1908), p.1.166 Rizospastis, 25 (25 July/7 August 1908), p.2.167 Hasan Taner Kerimoglu, Ittihat-Terakki ve Rumlar, 1908-1914 [The Unionists and the Ottoman Greeks] (Istanbul: Libra, 2009), p.57.168 Athanasios Souliotes and Ion Dragumes to General P. G. Dangles, 20 July 1908, Souliotes-Nicolaides, Athanasios, Thanos Veremis and Katerina Boura (eds) Organosis Konstantinoupoleos [The Constantinople Organization] (Athens-Yanina: Dodoni, 1984), pp.264-68.169 Alexis Alexandres, 'Oi Ellines stin ypiresia tis Othomanikis aftokratorias, 1850-1922' [The Greeks in the Service of the Ottoman Empire], DIEE [Deltio tis Istorikis kai Ethnologikis Etairias] Vol. 23 (1980), p.390.170 Kitromilides, To telos, p.501.171 RGVIA, 400-3-3278, pp.2-3, Svirskii to General Staff, 29 January 1909.172 AVPRI, 151-482-3550, pp.10-10ob, Charykov to Foreign Ministry, 1 August 1909.173 AVPRI, 151-482-3617, p.41, Sverbeev to the Foreign Minister, 2 January 1911.174 AVPRI, 151-482-3617, pp.50-50ob, S. N. Urusov to Foreign Minster, 2 December 1910.175 AVPRI, 146-495-3843, pp.26-31ob, Nekliudov to Foreign Ministry, 10 August 1912.176 Nobuyoshi Fujinami, 'The Patriarchal Crisis of 1910 and Constitutional Logic', Journal of Modern Greek Studies Vol. 27, 1 (May 2009), pp.12-13.177 AYE, 1911-19-1, I. Alexandropoulos to Foreign Ministry, 14 September 1911.178 Ibid., N. Mavroudes to I. Grypares, 31 October 1910.179 AYE, 1912-21-1, Grypares to Foreign Ministry, 29 September 1912.180 AYE, 1912-89-3, Koromylas to Kanellopoulos, 1 November 1912.181 Chrysanthos, Viographikai Anamneseis tou Arhiepiskopou Athenon Chrysanthou, tou apo Trapezountos [Biographical Recollections of Archbishop Chrysanthos of Athens] (Athens: 1970), p.72.