Post-Cold War Historicism: Perceptions, Progress, and Praxis
2023; Routledge; Volume: 46; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/07075332.2023.2250802
ISSN1949-6540
Autores Tópico(s)Weber, Simmel, Sociological Theory
ResumoAbstractPost-Cold War literature was a historicist effort to remake the international order and prolong American hegemony. Major works by Bernard Lewis and Samuel Huntington describe a world of conflict and disorder while Francis Fukuyama and Thomas Friedman showed that the world was headed toward unstoppable progress. Some were critical of these efforts. John Mearsheimer, Michael Hardt, and Antonio Negri saw the world as a product of power, albeit from different ontological standpoints: the state versus unseen forces, respectively. The first section defines historicism and highlights how literature can be considered historicist, what Karl Popper would deem pseudoscientific. One goal of historicism is the transformation of the world to fit a specific vision. Antonio Gramsci refers to this as praxis. The second section will summarize the Post-Cold War literature and highlight historicism.Keywords: Post-Cold WarPraxishistoricismAmerican exceptionalism Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Notes1 E. Podeh, 'Saudi Arabia and Israel: From Secret to Public Engagement, 1948–2018', The Middle East Journal, lxii (2018), 563–86.2 J. Saunders and C. Fox, Media Ethics, Free Speech, and the Requirements of Democracy (Oxford: Taylor and Francis, 2019).3 V. Stead, C. Elliott, and R. A. Gardiner, 'Leadership Legitimacy and the Mobilization of Capital(s): Disrupting Politics and Reproducing Heteronormativity', Leadership, xvii (2021), 693–714.4 L. Chenarides, M. Manfredo, and T. J. Richards, 'COVID-19 and Food Supply Chains', Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy xliii (2021), 270–9.5 H. D. Lasswell, and A. Kaplan, Power and Society: A Framework for Political Inquiry (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1950).; R. Dahl, 'The Concept of Power', Behavioral Science, ii (1957), 201–15.; P. Digeser, 'The Fourth Face of Power', The Journal of Politics, liv (1992), 977–1007.; M. Barnett and R. Duvall, 'Power in International Politics', International Organization, lix (2005), 39–75.6 M. Hardt and A. Negri, Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).7 J. J. Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York: Norton Publishers, 2001).; J. J. Mearsheimer, 'Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West's Fault: The Liberal Delusions That Provoked Putin', Foreign Affairs, xmiii (2014), 77–89.8 K. R. Popper, The Poverty of Historicism (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1961).9 L. von Mises, Theory and History: An Interpretation of Social and Economic Evolution (Washington, DC: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1985), 211.10 Ibid.11 M. H. Hacohen, Karl Popper, the Formative Years, 1902–1945: Politics and Philosophy in Interwar Vienna (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1957), 10 and 88 .12 Ibid., 102.13 R. Nola, 'Popper on Historicism and Marxism', New Zealand Journal of History, xii (1978) no. 2, 128.14 E. H. Carr, What is History? (UK: Penguin Random House, 2001), 164–5.15 Ibid., 5.16 Ibid., 23.17 Popper, Poverty of Historicism, 16.18 Ibid.19 Ibid., 43.20 Nola, 'Popper on Historicism and Marxism', 128.21 Popper, Poverty of Historicism, 11.22 Ibid., 13.23 Nola, 'Popper on Historicism and Marxism', 124–45.24 M. Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Vintage Books, 1977).25 D. Garland, 'What is a 'History of the Present'? On Foucault's Genealogies and Their Critical Preconditions', Punishment and Society, xvi (2014), 372.26 von Mises, Theory and History: An Interpretation of Social and Economic Evolution, 210–11.27 Ibid., 198.28 Ibid.29 Ibid.30 L. S. Stepelevich, 'August von Cieszkowski: From theory to praxis', History and Theory, xiii (1974), 39–52.31 Ibid.32 Ibid., 44.33 Cieszkowski quoted in Ibid., 52.34 Cieszkowski quoted in Ibid., 50.35 Ibid., 45.36 Nola, 'Popper on Historicism and Marxism', 124–45.37 Sorel in C. Cohen, Communism, Fascism and Democracy: The Theoretical Foundations (9th ed.) (New York: Random House, 1967), 320.38 W. R. Cox, Approaches to World Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966), 133.39 Cohen, Communism, Fascism and Democracy.40 Cox, Approaches to World Order, 132.41 A. Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1971), 465.42 von Mises, Theory and History: An Interpretation of Social and Economic Evolution.43 Popper, Poverty of Historicism, 128.44 S. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order (London: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 37.45 Ibid., 36.46 K. R. Popper, Science: Conjectures and Refutations (New York: Basic Books, 1962), 2.47 Popper, Poverty of Historicism, 2.48 B. Lewis, What Went Wrong: Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 149 Ibid.50 Ibid., 3.51 Ibid., vii.52 Ibid., 159–60.53 Ibid.54 Huntington, Clash of Civilizations, 20.55 Ibid.56 Ibid.57 Ibid.58 G. Allison, Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides Trap (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017).; J. Shifrinson, 'The Rise of China, Balance of Power Theory and US National Security: Reasons for Optimism?', Journal of Strategic Studies, xliii (2020), 175–216.; G. Sharafutdinova, The Red Mirror: Putin's Leadership and Russia's Insecure Identity (Oxford: Oxford University Press USA – OSO, 2020).59 Podeh, 'Saudi Arabia and Israel', 563–86.60 F. Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (Free Press, 2006); T. Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2000).61 Friedman, Lexus and Olive Tree, iv.62 K. Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 2010).63 Friedman, Lexus and Olive Tree.64 Ibid.65 Ibid., 464.66 Ibid.67 Fukuyama, End of History and the Last Man, 354.68 K. Hopewell, Breaking the WTO: How Emerging Powers Disrupted the Neoliberal Project (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2016).69 Fukuyama, End of History and the Last Man, xi.70 Ibid., xii.71 Ibid., 347.72 Waltz, Theory of International Politics.73 Mearsheimer, Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 50.74 Ibid., 1.75 Ibid., xi.76 J. J. Mearsheimer, (2006). 'China's Unpeaceful Rise', Current History, mv (2006) no. 690, 160–2.77 Hardt and Negri, Empire, 1.78 Ibid., 15.79 Ibid., 20.80 Ibid., 189.81 Z. Brzezinksi, The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives, (New York: Basic Books, 2016), 30.82 S. Huntington, 'Why International Primacy Matters', International Security, xvii (1993), 68–83.83 Carr, What is History?, 98.84 Ibid.85 Allison, Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides Trap; Shifrinson, 'The Rise of China, Balance of Power Theory and US National Security: Reasons for Optimism?'; Sharafutdinova, The Red Mirror: Putin's Leadership and Russia's Insecure Identity.86 Carr, What is History?, 112.87 G. Allsion, 'The Thucydides Trap: Are the US and China Headed for War?', The Atlantic, Sept. 2015.88 R. Hanania, 'Graham Allison and the Thucydides trap myth', Strategic Studies Quarterly, xv (2021), 17.89 Ibid., 16.90 W. R. Cox, 'Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory', Millennium, x (1981), 128.91 J. J. Mearsheimer, 'Realism, the Real World, and the Academy' in M. Brecher and F. P. Harvey (ed), Realism and Institutionalism in International Studies (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002) 23–33.Additional informationNotes on contributorsHanna Samir KassabDr. Hanna S. Kassab is an Assistant Professor of Political Science and Security Studies at East Carolina University. He teaches courses in national security, foreign policy and global politics. His most recent books include Globalization, Multipolarity, and Great Power Competition and Weak States and Spheres of Great Power Competition. In addition, his article Internal security: The encroachment of state security on global liberty in a multipolar world was published in Democracy and Security journal in 2022. He is the co-editor of the Security of the Americas series with Jonathan D. Rosen.
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