A Systematic Review of the Risk and Protective Factors for Processes Associated with Islamist Radicalization and Extremism
2023; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 36; Issue: 8 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/09546553.2023.2243349
ISSN1556-1836
AutoresIsgard Ohls, Diba S. Hosseini, Aleksandra Spasojevic, Felix Brandes, Rashid Bajwa, Kaser Ahmed, Jürgen Gallinat, Anne Karow, Marc Allroggen,
Tópico(s)Islamic Studies and Radicalism
ResumoABSTRACTIslamist radicalization is a global phenomenon and is currently a major subject of concern. Our objective is to systematically review the literature for evidence exploring risk and protective factors for and against Islamist radicalization. The following databases PsycINFO, Web of Science, Embase, PubMed and Google Scholar (complementary research) were systematically searched for English and WISO for German papers. The results of the review lend support to the notion that accumulated risk factors in the absence of protective factors may accelerate the process of Islamist radicalization. Consensus is increasing in respect to the empirical evidence that there is neither a typical set of characteristics nor a specific personality profile those individuals who come to islamistically radicalize share. Despite this heterogeneity, the current review captures eight domains of risk and protective factors for Islamist radicalization.KEYWORDS: Islamismradicalismviolent extremismrisk factorsprotective factors AcknowledgmentsThis research was made possible by the German Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF) and is part of a larger research project named "Zielerreichungs- und Verlaufsbewertungsinstruments (ZiVI-Extremismus)" including two partner organizations, the department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf and the department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the University Medical Center Ulm.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. Institute for Economics & Peace, "Global Terrorism Index 2019: Measuring the Impact of Terrorism," Sydney, November, 2019, https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/GTI-2019web.pdf (accessed October 20, 2021).2. Peter R. 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Hellyer, Bruce Koepke, Robert Bowker, Fethi Mansouri, Raihan Ismail, and Minerva Nasser-Eddine (Basingstoke [u.a.]: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), 69–82.138. Mariam Durrani, "The Gendered Muslim Subject: At the Intersection of Race, Religion, and Gender," in The Oxford Handbook of Language and Race, ed. H. Samy Alim, Angela Reyes, and Paul V. Kroskrity (November, 2020): 342–66, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190845995.013.14.139. Clark McCauley and Sophia Moskalenko, Friction: How Radicalization Happens to Them and Us (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).140. Johannes Beller, Christoph Kröger, and Daniela Hosser, "Predictors of Delinquency in Adolescent Muslims: Religiosity, Religious Fundamentalism and Perceived Religious Discrimination," Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie 13, no. 2 (April, 2019b): 188–98, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11757-019-00523-w; Katarzyna Jasko, Marta Szastok, Joanna Grzymala-Moszczynska, Marta Maj, and Arie W. Kruglanski, "Rebel with a Cause: Personal Significance from Political Activism Predicts Willingness to Self-Sacrifice," Journal of Social Issues 75, no. 1 (February 2019): 314–49, doi: 10.1111/josi.12307; Manuel Moyano and Humberto M. Trujillo, "Intention of Activism and Radicalism among Muslim and Christian Youth in a Marginal Neighbourhood in a Spanish City / Intención de Activismo y Radicalismo de Jóvenes Musulmanes y Cristianos Residentes En Un Barrio Marginal de Una Ciudad Española." International Journal of Social Psychology 29, no. 1 (October 2012): 90–120, doi: 10.1080/02134748.2013.878571; Peter R. Neumann, "Victims, Perpetrators, Assets: The Narratives of Islamic State Defectors" (London: The International Centre for The Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence (ICSR) at King's College London, 2015), https://icsr.info/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/ICSR-Report-Victims-Perpetrators-Assets-The-Narratives-of-Islamic-State-Defectors.pdf.Additional informationFundingThis review was written as part of the "ZiVI-Extremismus" project, which was funded by the German Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF).Notes on contributorsIsgard OhlsIsgard Ohls is a specialist in psychiatry, psychotherapy, theologian, musician and a research associate at the Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE). Her main academic interests include: (1) religion, spirituality and extremism in patient care, (2) medical humanities and healing arts in psychiatry, (3) the search of meaning, complicated emotional and existential crisis within mental disorders. At UKE, scientific research programs on the use of a cognitive training program—Metacognitive Training (MKT)—to reduce religious prejudice and thus potentially extremist, religiously motivated violence in the general German population have been taking place since 2015.Diba S. HosseiniDiba S. Hosseini, (M.Sc. Clinical Psychology), currently in training as a psychological psychotherapist of cognitive behavioral therapy, since 2021 working as a psychologist at an Outpatient Clinic for Mental Disorders; since 2021 working as a research assistant in the project "ZiVl-Extremism" at UKE. Her research interests include transcultural psychology, mental health and processes of radicalisation.Aleksandra SpasojevicAleksandra Spasojevic is a psychologist (M.Sc. Psychology), psychological consultant in the field of transactional analysis and and research associate at the Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf with a focus on clinical (neuro)psychology. She has been working in psychological counseling at the University of Hamburg since 2020 and deals with the topic of radicalization and prevention, among other things.Felix BrandesFelix Brandes completed a bachelor's degree in psychology (B.Sc. Psychology) at the Medical School in Hamburg (MSH) and his degree in human medicine at the Asklepios Campus Hamburg of Semmelweis University Budapest.Rashid BajwaRashid Bajwa is a scholar of Islam (M.A.) and works for the German Red Cross as a project manager in the field of violence and radicalization prevention. He graduated from the University of Hamburg with an International Master's degree in Islamic Studies and a bachelor's degree in History, Languages and Cultures of the Near East with a focus on Islamic Studies and Religious Studies.Kaser AhmedKaser Ahmed is working as a medical doctor. As part of his doctoral studies in the Clinical Neuropsychology group at the UKE (Prof. Dr. Steffen Moritz), he is working in the area of metacognitive training (MKT) on the reduction of religious prejudice.Jürgen GallinatJürgen Gallinat is Professor of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Director of the Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf. His main academic interests include: (1) neuronal plasticity in the therapy of mental disorders (2) development and establishment of complex care models for mental disorders (3) architecture in psychiatry.Anne KarowAnne Karow is a senior physician and head of the Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, the Early Diagnosis Outpatient Clinic for Mental Disorders (FePS) and the Competence Center for Integrated Care at the Clinics for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics and the Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf. There, she heads the research working group Early Diagnosis, Psychoses and Integrated Care, as well as the model of cross-sectoral, coordinated, severity-graded, evidence-based care of mental illnesses (RECOVER).Marc AllroggenMarc Allroggen is a specialist in child and adolescent psychiatry and psychotherapy, assistant medical director and head of the outpatient clinic and forensic department of the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the University Hospital Ulm. His research group focuses on the development of aggressive behavior in children and adolescents, personality disorders in adolescence, and forensic issues.
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