An evaluation of the catalog of Ottoman newspapers prepared by an Ottoman Jew Abraham Galante
2023; Taylor & Francis; Volume: 60; Issue: 5 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1080/00263206.2023.2260317
ISSN1743-7881
Autores Tópico(s)Turkey's Politics and Society
ResumoAbstractIn the Ottoman Empire, opposition journalism outside the country presented its first examples during the reign of Abdülaziz. Publishing newspapers outside the country reached its peak during the reign of Abdülhamid II due to the repressive political conditions of the period. During these years, pro-Constitution Young Turk groups were organized in centers outside the country. The Young Turks, who turned to press activity to make their political demands known to Istanbul, created an oppositional press and literary movement. The aim of this study is to analyze Abraham Galante's catalog, which is an important document about the newspapers published abroad during the reign of Abdülhamid II. It is very difficult to identify newspapers that opposed the Ottoman court and to have complete access to their collections. The data in Galante's catalog, which he prepared during his years of involvement in the Young Turk movement and his work as a journalist abroad, pioneered studies on the Young Turk press and literature. In this context, Galante's document, which is the first catalog of newspapers published outside the country during the reign of Abdülhamid II, is of great importance. As an Ottoman Jew, Galante's catalog serves the disciplines of journalism, history, politics and literature as a source for research.Keywords: Abraham GalanteAbdülhamid IIYoung Turknewspapercatalog Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Notes1 Frequently, the New Ottomans have been called 'Young Turks' and some of them on occasion used the French term 'Jeune Turquie' to describe their group. But the terms 'Young Turk' and 'Young Turkey' have introduced endless confusion into Ottoman history and should be avoided except for reference to later generation of agitators who from 1889 on worked against Abdülhamid II's regime. See Roderic H. Davison, Reform in the Ottoman Empire 1856-1876 (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1963), p.173.2 See Şerif Mardin, Jön Türklerin Siyasi Fikirleri [Political Ideas of the Young Turks] (Istanbul: İletişim, 2002), p.31, Sina Akşin, Jön Türkler ve İttihat ve Terakki [Young Turks and the Committee of Union and Progress] (Ankara: İmge, 2014), p.46, Yuriy Asatoviç Petrosyan, Sosyalist Açıdan Jön Türk Hareketi [Young Turk Movement from a Socialist Perspective] (Istanbul: Yordam, 2015), p.47.3 See Ernest Edmondson Ramsaur, The Young Turks, Prelude to the Revolution of 1908 (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1957).4 Tarık Zafer Tunaya, Türk Siyasi Hayatında Batılılaşma Hareketleri [Westernization Movements in Turkish Political Life] (Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi University Publishing, 2004), p.40.5 Feroz Ahmad, The Young Turks and the Ottoman Nationalities: Armenians, Greeks, Albanians, Jews and Arabs, 1908-1918 (Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press, 2014), p.6.6 During the reign of Addülhamid II, the publication of books, magazines and newspapers was under strict control. Many words were banned in printed works. Words such as freedom, justice, homeland, nation, constitution, revolution, youth and poor were banned. In addition, many words thought to indicate repressive rule were removed from the works by the censorship board. See Alpay Kabacalı, Başlangıçtan Günümüze Türkiye'de Basın Sansürü [Press Censorship in Turkey from the Beginning to the Present] (Istanbul: Gazeteciler Cemiyeti Matbaası, 1990), pp.66-67, Cevdet Kudret, Abdülhamid Devrinde Sansür [Censorship in the Reign of Abdülhamid II] (Istanbul: Milliyet Matbaası, 1977), pp.41-45, Süleyman Kani İrtem, Abdülhamid Devrinde Hafiyelik ve Sansür [Spying and Censorship in the Abdülhamid Era] (Istanbul: Temel Publishing, 1999), pp.221-23.7 The Young Turks, who established various secret societies, especially the Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress, were active in Paris, Cairo, Geneva and the Balkans, far from the central authority. See Tarık Zafer Tunaya, Türkiye'de Siyasal Partiler: İkinci Meşrutiyet Dönemi [Political Parties in Turkey: Second Constitutional Monarchy Period] (Istanbul: İletişim, 2011), pp.52-53.8 Some catalogs are regional in nature. See Cavit Orhan Tütengil, Yeni Osmanlılardan Bu Yana İngiltere'de Türk Gazeteciliği 1867-1967 [Turkish Journalism in England since the New Ottomans 1867-1967] (Istanbul: İşbankası Kültür Publishing, 2011). Some catalogue studies lack a critical classification. See Selim Nüzhet Gerçek, Türk Gazeteciliği [Turkish Journalism] (Istanbul: Devlet Matbaası, 1931), Ziyaeddin Fahri Fındıkoğlu, XIX. Asırda Türkiye Dışında Türk Gazeteciliği [Turkish Journalism Outside Turkey in the Nineteenth Century] (Istanbul: Fakülteler Matbaası Publishing, 1962).9 N. Rıfat Bali, 'Abraham Galante'nin Hayatı ve Eserlerinin Bibliyografyası', Abraham Galante, Arabî Harfler Terakkimize Mani Değildir [Abraham Galante, Arabic Letters are not an Obstacle to Our Progress] (Istanbul: Bedir, 1996), pp.4-5.10 Alliance Israélite Universelle (AIU) schools are an initiative that emerged in Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century and had a great impact on Turkish Jews. The AIU society, founded by a group of French Jewish writers, started to open schools with the idea that the best way to combat the persecution, ignorance and poverty that Jews were exposed to was through education. See Naim A. Güleryüz, Bizans'tan 20. Yüzyıla Türk Yahudileri [Turkish Jews from Byzantium to the 20th Century] (Istanbul: Gözlem Publishing, 2012), p.168. Turkish Jews, in particular, were until then mostly living in poverty and begging for a living. The main purpose of AIU schools, which also began to open in many parts of the Ottoman Empire, was to teach crafts. Aiming for a modern education, AIU schools used French as the language of instruction and English only in some Middle Eastern countries. From agriculture to manual labor, girls and boys received a wide range of training. There were also Turkish intellectuals (Rıza Tevfik, Talat Pasha) who studied or taught in these increasingly popular schools. By the beginning of the twentieth century, it becomes apparent how effective the education provided was. Since Turkish Jews not only had crafts, but also received a secular education in Western languages, Westernization accelerated and had a significant impact on Ottoman society. See Aron Rodrigue, Türkiye Yahudilerinin Batılılaşması 'Alliance' Okulları 1860-1925 [French Jews, Turkish Jews: The Alliance Israélite Universelle and the Politics of Jewish Schooling in Turkey 1860-1925] (Ankara: Ayraç Publishing, 1997), pp.151-88.11 N. Rıfat Bali, 'Abraham Galante'nin Hayatı ve Eserlerinin Bibliyografyası', Abraham Galante, Arabî Harfler Terakkimize Mani Değildi, p.7, Vedat Tüfekçi, Milli Mücadele'de Türkiye Yahudileri [Jews of Turkey in the War of Independence] (Istanbul, Doğu Kütüphanesi Publishing, 2016), p.53.12 When Ahmed Rıza came to Cairo in March 1907, he charged Galante with organizing a committee of Ottoman Jews which will have a political program representative of the Jewish population. In July 1907 Galante turned his network of correspondents into a committee and agreed to carry out activities under the regulations of the Young Turk committee the CPU. Ahmed Rıza invited Galante to sign the forthcoming resolutions of the congress, and Galante sent a telegram announcing his agreement on 14 December 1907. Galante then stated that Ahmed Rıza would represent the Comité Israélite d'Egypte at he congress. See M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, Preparation for a Revolution The Young Turks 1902-1908 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p.202.13 Abraham Galante, Türkler ve Yahudiler [Turks and Jews] (Istanbul: Gözlem Publishing, 1995), pp.49, 108.14 Abraham Galante, Küçük Türk Tetebbular [Little Turk Studies] (Istanbul: Kağıtçılık ve Matbaacılık Anonim Şirketi Publishing, 1925), pp.133-37.15 N. Rıfat Bali, 'Abraham Galante'nin Hayatı ve Eserlerinin Bibliyografyası', Abraham Galante, Arabî Harfler Terakkimize Mani Değildir, pp.8-9.16 Vedat Tüfekçi, Milli Mücadele'de Türkiye Yahudileri [Jews of Turkey in the War of Independence] pp.151-61.17 N. Rıfat Bali, 'Abraham Galante'nin Hayatı ve Eserlerinin Bibliyografyası', Abraham Galante, Arabî Harfler Terakkimize Mani Değildir pp.10-12. Vedat Tüfekçi, Milli Mücadele'de Türkiye Yahudileri, p.54.18 Cavit Orhan Tütengil, Yeni Osmanlılardan Bu Yana İngiltere'de Türk Gazeteciliği 1867-1967, p.54.19 Fatmagül Demirel, II. Abdülhamit Döneminde Sansür [Censorship in the reign of Abdülhamit II] (Istanbul: Bağlam Publishing, 2007), p.153.20 The newspapers and magazines published by the Young Turks entered the country through foreign post offices established in the Ottoman Empire as a result of international agreements. In this respect, the Young Turks had the opportunity to spread their ideas throughout the Ottoman Empire through foreign post offices. Young Turk newspapers were smuggled through customs and delivered to the remotest corners of the Ottoman Empire. In these places, they were read, given to others, copied and spread everywhere. See Paul Fesch, Abdülhamid'in Son Günlerinde İstanbul [Istanbul in the Last Days of Abdülhamid II] (Istanbul: Pera Publishing, 1999), p.339.21 Abraham Galante, Küçük Türk Tetebbular, p.131.22 Abraham Galante, Küçük Türk Tetebbular, pp.133-37.23 Paul Fesch, Abdülhamid'in Son Günlerinde İstanbul, pp.334-418.24 Mehmet Törenek, Türk Romanında İşgal İstanbul'u [Occupied Istanbul in the Turkish Novel], (Istanbul: Kitabevi Publishing, 2002), p.3.25 Şerif Mardin, Türk Modernleşmesi [Turkish Modernization] (Istanbul: İletişim, 2002), p.97.26 Şükrü Hanioğlu, 'Jön Türkler' [Young Turks], Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (Ankara: TDV İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi Publishing, 2001), V. 39, p.584.27 Sina Akşin, Jön Türkler ve İttihat ve Terakki, p.46.28 Tarık Zafer Tunaya, Türkiye'de Siyasal Partiler: İkinci Meşrutiyet Dönemi, p.51.29 Birol Emil, Son Dönem Osmanlı Aydını Mizancı Murad Bey [Late Ottoman Intellectual Mizancı Murad Bey] (Istanbul: Kitabevi Publishing, 2009), p.116.30 Erdem Sönmez, Ahmed Rıza Bir Jön Türk Liderinin Siyasi-Entelektüel Portresi [Ahmed Rıza A Political-Intellectual Portrait of a Young Turk Leader] (Istanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Publishing, 2012), p.69.31 Ahmet Bedevi Kuran, İnkılap Tarihimiz ve Jön Türkler [Our Revolution History and Young Turks] (Istanbul: Kaynak Publishing, 2000), p.117.32 Şükrü Hanioğlu, Bir Siyasi Düşünür Olarak Abdullah Cevdet ve Dönemi [Abdullah Cevdet as a Political Thinker and His Period] (Istanbul: Üçdal Publishing, 1981), p.55.33 Abdullah Acehan, Sürgün Kalemler (1839-2000) [Exiled Intellectuals (1839-2000)] (Ankara: Siyasal Publishing, 2011), p.100.34 Mustafa Apaydın, 'Tanzimat'tan Sonra Mizah ve Hiciv', Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi [Humor and Satire after Tanzimat, History of Turkish Literature] (Istanbul: T. C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Publishing, 2006), V. 3, p.330.35 Abraham Galante, Küçük Türk Tetebbular, p.137.36 Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu, Mısır'da Türkler ve Kültürel Kaynakları [Turks and Cultural Resources in Egypt] (Istanbul: IRCICA, 2006), pp.177-78.37 Servet Tiken, Mısır'da Jön Türk Basını ve Edebiyatı [Young Turk Press and Literature in Egypt] (Erzurum: Fenomen Publishing, 2017), p.69.38 Özge Özkoç, Mısır'ın Uzun 19. Yüzyılı: Modernleşme, Merkezileşme ve Özerklik [Egypt's Long Nineteenth Century: Modernization, Centralization and Autonomy] (Istanbul: Ayrıntı Publishing, 2015), p.183.39 Hans Lukas Kieser, Türklüğe İhtida: 1870-1939 İsviçre'sinde Yeni Türkiye'nin Öncüleri [Converting to Turkishness: Pioneers of New Turkey in Switzerland 1870-1939] (Istanbul: İletişim Publishing, 2008), p.11.40 Şükrü Hanioğlu, Bir Siyasal Örgüt Olarak Osmanlı İttihâd ve Terakkî Cemiyeti ve Jön Türklük (1889-1902) [The Committee of Ottoman Union and Progress as a Political Organization and Young Turkism (1889-1902)] (Istanbul: İletişim, 1989), p.376.41 Muammer Göçmen, İsviçre'de Jön Türk Basını ve Türk Siyasal Hayatına Etkileri (1889-1902) [Young Turk Press in Switzerland and Its Effects on Turkish Political Life (1889-1902)] (Istanbul: Kitabevi Publishing, 1995), p.143.42 Adnan Şişman, Tanzimat Döneminde Fransa'ya Gönderilen Osmanlı Öğrencileri (1839-1876) [Ottoman Students Sent to France in the Tanzimat Period (1839-1876)] (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Publishing, 2004), p.85.43 Şükrü Hanioğlu, Bir Siyasal Örgüt Olarak Osmanlı İttihâd ve Terakkî Cemiyeti ve Jön Türklük (1889-1902), p.109.44 Dündar Akünal, 'Jön Türk Gazeteleri', Tanzimat'tan Cumhuriyet'e Türkiye Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 3, [Young Turk Newspapers, Encyclopedia of Turkey from Tanzimat to the Republic] (Istanbul: İletişim, 1985), p.856.45 Şükrü Hanioğlu, Bir Siyasal Örgüt Olarak Osmanlı İttihâd ve Terakkî Cemiyeti ve Jön Türklük (1889-1902), p.201.46 Erik Jan Zürcher, 'The Young Turk Revolution: Comparison and Connections', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 55 no. 4 (2019), p.484.47 Şükrü Hanioğlu, 'Jön Türk Basını', Tanzimat'tan Cumhuriyet'e Türkiye Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 3 [Young Turk Press, Encyclopedia of Turkey from Tanzimat to the Republic] (Istanbul: İletişim, 1985), p.844.48 Şerife Çağın, Bir Hiciv Ustası Şair Eşref [A Master of Satire: Poet Ashraf] (Istanbul: Dergâh Publishing, 2007), p.80.49 Dündar Akünal, 'Jön Türk Gazeteleri', Tanzimat'tan Cumhuriyet'e Türkiye Ansiklopedisi [Young Turk Newspapers, Encyclopedia of Turkey from Tanzimat to the Republic] p.852.50 Cavit Orhan Tütengil, Yeni Osmanlılardan Bu Yana İngiltere'de Türk Gazeteciliği 1867-1967, p.76.
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