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More than 10,000 pre-Columbian earthworks are still hidden throughout Amazonia

2023; American Association for the Advancement of Science; Volume: 382; Issue: 6666 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1126/science.ade2541

1095-9203

Vinícius Peripato, Carolina Levis, Guido A. Moreira, Dani Gamerman, Hans ter Steege, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Jonas Gregório de Souza, José Iriarte, Mark Robinson, André Braga Junqueira, Thiago Barbosa Trindade, Fernando Ozório de Almeida, Claide de Paula Moraes, Umberto Lombardo, Eduardo Kazuo Tamanaha, S. Yoshi Maezumi, Jean Pierre Ometto, José Renato Garcia Braga, Wesley A. Campanharo, Henrique Cassol, Philipe Riskalla Leal, Mauro Assis, Adriana M. da Silva, Oliver L. Phillips, Flávia R. C. Costa, Bernardo M. Flores, Bruce Hoffman, Terry W. Henkel, María Natalia Umaña, William E. Magnusson, Elvis H. Valderrama Sandoval, Jos Barlow, William Milliken, Maria Aparecida Lopes, Marcelo Fragomeni Simon, Tinde van Andel, Susan G. Laurance, William F. Laurance, Armando Torres‐Lezama, Rafael L. Assis, Jean‐François Molino, Mickaël Mestre, Michelle Hamblin, Luiz de Souza Coêlho, Diógenes de Andrade Lima Filho, Florian Wittmann, Rafael P. Salomão, Iêda Leão do Amaral, Juan Ernesto Guevara, Francisca Dionízia de Almeida Matos, Carolina V. Castilho, Marcelo de Jesus Veiga Carim, Dairon Cárdenas López, Daniel Sabatier, Mariana Victória Irume, Maria Pires Martins, José Renan da Silva Guimarães, Olaf Bánki, Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade, José Ferreira Ramos, Bruno Garcia Luize, Evlyn Márcia Leão de Moraes Novo, Percy Núñez Vargas, Thiago Sanna Freire Silva, Eduardo Martins Venticinque, Ângelo Gilberto Manzatto, Neidiane Farias Costa Reis, John Terborgh, Katia Regina Casula, Layon Oreste Demarchi, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, Juan Carlos Montero, Jochen Schöngart, Ted R. Feldpausch, Adriano Costa Quaresma, Gerardo A. Aymard C., Christopher Baraloto, Nicolás Castaño Arboleda, Julien Engel, Pascal Pétronelli, Charles E. Zartman, Timothy J. Killeen, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Ben Hur Marimon, Juliana Schietti, Thaiane R. Sousa, Rodolfo Vásquez, Lorena M. Rincón, Érika Berenguer, Joice Ferreira, Bonifacio Mostacedo, Dário Dantas do Amaral, Hernán Castellanos, Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros, Ana Andrade, José Luís Camargo, Emanuelle de Sousa Farias, José Leonardo Lima Magalhães, Henrique Eduardo Mendonça Nascimento, Helder Lima de Queiroz, Roel Brienen, Juan David Cardenas Revilla, Pablo R. Stevenson, Alejandro Araujo‐Murakami, Bruno Barçante Ladvocat Cintra, Yuri Oliveira Feitosa, F. R. Barbosa, Rainiellen de Sá Carpanedo, Joost F. Duivenvoorden, Janaína da Costa de Noronha, Domingos de Jesus Rodrigues, Hugo F. Mogollón, Leandro Valle Ferreira, John Ethan Householder, José Rafael Lozada, James A. Comiskey, Freddie C. Draper, José Júlio de Toledo, Gabriel Damasco, Nállarett Dávila, Roosevelt García‐Villacorta, Aline Lopes, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Alfonso Alonso, Francisco Dallmeier, Vitor H. F. Gomes, E. Jiménez, David Neill, María Cristina Peñuela Mora, Daniel P. P. de Aguiar, Luzmila Arroyo, Fernanda Antunes Carvalho, Fernanda Coelho de Souza, Kenneth J. Feeley, Rogério Gribel, Marcelo Petratti Pansonato, Marcos Ríos Paredes, Izaias Brasil da Silva, Maria Julia Ferreira, Paul V. A. Fine, Émile Fonty, Marcelino Carneiro Guedes, Juan Carlos Licona, R. Toby Pennington, Carlos A. Peres, Boris Eduardo Villa Zegarra, Germaine Alexander Parada, Guido Pardo Molina, Vincent Antoine Vos, Carlos Cerón, Paul Maas, Marcos Silveira, Juliana Stropp, Raquel Thomas, Timothy R. Baker, Doug Daly, Isau Huamantupa‐Chuquimaco, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Bianca Weiss Albuquerque, A C., Bente Klitgaard, José Luís Marcelo Peña, Miles R. Silman, J. Sebastián Tello, Corine Vriesendorp, Jérôme Chave, Anthony Di Fiore, Renato Richard Hilário, Juan Fernando Phillips, Gonzalo Rivas‐Torres, Patricio von Hildebrand, Luciana de Oliveira Pereira, Edelcílio Marques Barbosa, Luiz Carlos de Matos Bonates, Hilda Paulette Dávila Doza, Ricardo Zárate Gómez, George Pepe Gallardo Gonzales, Therany Gonzales, Yadvinder Malhi, Íres Paula de Andrade Miranda, Linder Felipe Mozombite Pinto, Adriana Prieto, Agustín Rudas, Ademir Roberto Ruschel, José Natalino Macedo Silva, César I. A. Vela, Eglée L. Zent, Stanford Zent, Ángela Cano, Yrma Andreina Carrero Márquez, Diego F. Correa, Janaina Barbosa Pedrosa Costa, David Galbraith, Milena Holmgren, Michelle Kalamandeen, Guilherme Lobo, Marcelo Trindade Nascimento, Alexandre A. Oliveira, Hirma Ramírez‐Angulo, Maira Rocha, Veridiana Vizoni Scudeller, Rodrigo Sierra, Milton Tirado, Geertje van der Heijden, Emilio Vilanova, Manuel Augusto Ahuite Reategui, Cláudia Baider, Henrik Balslev, Sasha Cárdenas, Luisa Fernanda Casas, William Farfan‐Ríos, Cid Ferreira, Reynaldo Linares‐Palomino, Casimiro Mendoza, Italo Mesones, Ligia Estela Urrego Giraldo, Daniel Villarroel, Roderick Zagt, Miguel N. Alexiades, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Karina García‐Cabrera, Lionel Hernández, Walter A. Palacios, Susamar Pansini, Daniela Pauletto, Fredy Ramírez, Adeilza Felipe Sampaio, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão,

Archaeology and ancient environmental studies

Indigenous societies are known to have occupied the Amazon basin for more than 12,000 years, but the scale of their influence on Amazonian forests remains uncertain. We report the discovery, using LIDAR (light detection and ranging) information from across the basin, of 24 previously undetected pre-Columbian earthworks beneath the forest canopy. Modeled distribution and abundance of large-scale archaeological sites across Amazonia suggest that between 10,272 and 23,648 sites remain to be discovered and that most will be found in the southwest. We also identified 53 domesticated tree species significantly associated with earthwork occurrence probability, likely suggesting past management practices. Closed-canopy forests across Amazonia are likely to contain thousands of undiscovered archaeological sites around which pre-Columbian societies actively modified forests, a discovery that opens opportunities for better understanding the magnitude of ancient human influence on Amazonia and its current state.