Artigo Revisado por pares

The Politics of (Im)mobility: The Effects of the Pandemic on Movement Across the ‘Contact Line’ in Eastern Ukraine

2023; Routledge; Volume: 76; Issue: 9 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1080/09668136.2023.2281239

ISSN

1465-3427

Autores

Oleksandra Tarkhanova,

Tópico(s)

Cross-Border Cooperation and Integration

Resumo

AbstractIn March 2020, the ‘contact line’ between the so-called Donetsk and Luhansk People’s Republics and the rest of Ukraine was sealed off. Crossing this de facto border was a precondition and an obstacle for residents of the non-government-controlled territories to access their citizenship entitlements. This article explores how movement across the ‘contact line’ was restricted and reconfigured during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic and how this affected state–citizen relations in the region. The study reveals how the policy to contain and mitigate the spread of the virus became a tool in establishing and maintaining authority along the state margins. acknowledgementThis work was supported by the Center for Governance and Culture in Europe, University of St. Gallen; Staatssekretariat für Bildung, Forschung und Innovation.Disclosure statement:No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 ‘Border Control Points: People’s Monthly Crossings’, State Border Guard Service (SBGS) of Ukraine, available at: https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiYTdiM2VlOGEtYTdlZi00OWI4LTlhNTgtZGFhNWNkMGZiMmZjIiwidCI6IjdhNTE3MDMzLTE1ZGYtNDQ1MC04ZjMyLWE5ODJmZTBhYTEyNSIsImMiOjh9, accessed 10 February 2022.2 Law No. 530-IX, ‘Pro vnesennia zmin do deiakykh zakonodavchykh aktiv Ukrainy, spriamovanykh na zapobihannia vynyknenniu i poshyrenniu koronavirusnoi khvoroby (COVID-19)’, Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, 17 March 2020, available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/530-20#Text, accessed 10 February 2022; 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N 183 i ot 29 aprelya 2019 g. N 187’, President of Russian Federation, 11 July 2022, available at: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_421526/, accessed 12 October 2023.57 Federal Constitutional Law, No. 5 FCL, ‘O prinyatii v Rossiiskuyu Federatsiyu Donetskoi Narodnoi Respubliki i obrazovanii v sostave Rossiiskoi Federatsii novogo sub’’ekta—Donetskoi Narodnoi Respubliki’, 4 October 2022, available at: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/48365/page/1, accessed 12 October 2023.58 ‘V “DNR” nazvali usloviya otkrytiya KPVV’, Khvylia, 17 June 2020, available at: https://hvylya.net/news/209563-v-dnr-nazvali-uslovie-otkrytiya-kpvv, accessed 10 February 2022.Additional informationNotes on contributorsOleksandra TarkhanovaOleksandra Tarkhanova, Center for Governance and Culture in Europe, University of St Gallen, Müller-Friedberg-Strasse 8, CH-9000 St Gallen, Switzerland. Email: oleksandra.tarkhanova@unisg.ch

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