Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Consensus Report on Nutrition for Pediatric Patients With Cystic Fibrosis

2002; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Volume: 35; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1002/j.1536-4801.2002.tb07816.x

1536-4801

Drucy Borowitz, Robert D. Baker, Virginia A. Stallings,

Pharmaceutical studies and practices

Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and NutritionVolume 35, Issue 3 p. 246-259 Medical Position Papers Consensus Report on Nutrition for Pediatric Patients With Cystic Fibrosis Drucy Borowitz, Drucy Borowitz Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorRobert D. Baker, Corresponding Author Robert D. Baker [email protected] Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, U.S.A.Address correspondence and requests for reprints to Robert D. Baker, MD, PhD, Digestive Disease and Nutrition Center, Children's Hospital of Buffalo, 219 Bryant St., Buffalo, NY 14222, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]).Search for more papers by this authorVirginia Stallings, Virginia Stallings Children's Hospital of Philadelphia For the Consensus Committee, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author Drucy Borowitz, Drucy Borowitz Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorRobert D. Baker, Corresponding Author Robert D. Baker [email protected] Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, U.S.A.Address correspondence and requests for reprints to Robert D. Baker, MD, PhD, Digestive Disease and Nutrition Center, Children's Hospital of Buffalo, 219 Bryant St., Buffalo, NY 14222, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]).Search for more papers by this authorVirginia Stallings, Virginia Stallings Children's Hospital of Philadelphia For the Consensus Committee, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 September 2002 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.2002.tb07816.xCitations: 81 The Consensus Conference was co-sponsored by the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and by the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES 1Kraemer R, Rudeberg A, Hadom B, et al. Relative underweight in cystic fibrosis and its prognostic value. Acta Paediatr Scand 1978; 67: 33–7. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1978.tb16273.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 2Corey M, McLaughlin FJ, Williams M, et al. A comparison of survival, growth and pulmonary function in patients with cystic fibrosis in Boston and Toronto. J Clin Epidemiol 1988; 41: 588–91. 10.1016/0895-4356(88)90063-7 Web of Science®Google Scholar 3Kerem E, Reisman J, Corey M, Canny GJ, et al. Prediction of mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 1187–91. 10.1056/NEJM199204303261804 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 4Dalzell AM, Shepherd RW, Dean SB, et al. Nutritional rehabilitation in cystic fibrosis: a 5 year follow-up study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1992; 15: 141–145. 10.1002/j.1536-4801.1992.tb10621.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 5Pencharz PB, Durie PR. Nutritional management of cystic fibrosis. Ann Rev Nutr 1993; 13: 111–36. 10.1146/annurev.nu.13.070193.000551 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 6Beker LT, Russek-Cohen E, Fink RJ. Stature as a prognostic factor in cystic fibrosis survival. J Am Diet Assoc 2001; 101: 438–42. 10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00113-4 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 7Ramsey BW, Farrell PM, Pencharz P, Consensus Committee. Nutritional assessment and management in cystic fibrosis: a consensus report. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55: 108–16. 10.1093/ajcn/55.1.108 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 8 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cystic Fibrosis, 1997; Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Google Scholar 9Gordon CC, Chumlea WC, Roche AF. Stature, recumbent length and weight. In: TG Lohman, AF Roche, R Martorell, eds. Anthropometric standardization reference manual. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics Books, 1988: 3–8. Web of Science®Google Scholar 10Callaway CW, Chumlea WC, Buchard C, et al. Circumferences. In: TG Lohman, AF Roche, R Martorell, eds. Anthropometric standardization reference manual. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics Books, 1988: 51–52. Google Scholar 11Harrison GG, Buskirk ER, Carter JEL, et al. Skinfold Thicknesses and measurement technique. In: TG Lohman, AF Roche, R Martorell, eds. Anthropometric standardization reference manual. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics Books, 1988: 56–57. Google Scholar 12Roche, AF, Mujherjee D, Guo S, et al. Head circumference reference data: birth to 18 years. Pediatrics 1987; 79: 706–12. 10.1542/peds.79.5.706 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 13Wright CM, Cheetham TD. The strengths and limitations of parental heights as a predictor of attained height. Arch Dis Child 1999; 81: 257–60. 10.1136/adc.81.3.257 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 14Garn SM, Rohman CG. Interaction of nutrition and genetics in the timing of growth and development. Pediatr Clin N Am 1966; 13: 353–80. 10.1016/S0031-3955(16)31842-9 Web of Science®Google Scholar 15Himes JH, Roche AF, Thissen D, et al. Parent-specific adjustment for evaluation of recumbent length and stature of children. Pediatrics 1985; 75: 304–13. 10.1542/peds.75.2.304 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 16 F Falkner, JM Tanner, eds. Human Growth, second edition, Vol 3, pp 104–107, New York, Plenum Press 1986. Google Scholar 17Farrell PM, Kosorok MR, Rock MJ, et al. Wisconsin Cystic Fibrosis Neonatal Screening Study Group. Early diagnosis of cystic fibrosis through neonatal screening prevents severe malnutrition and improves long-term growth. Pediatrics 2001; 107: 1–13. 10.1542/peds.107.1.1 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 18Moore BJ, Durie PR, Forstner GG, et al. The assessment of nutritional status in children. Nutr Res 1985; 57: 97–99. Google Scholar 19McLaren DS, Read WW. Weight/length classification of nutritional status. Lancet 1975; 2: 219–21. 10.1016/S0140-6736(75)90687-X CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 20 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service Dietary Guideline Advisory Committee. Report of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 1995, to the Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Secretary of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD: USDA, 1995. Google Scholar 21 World Health Organization. Diet, nutrition, and the prevention of chronic diseases: Report of a WHO study group. Geneva: WHO Technical Report Series: 1990; no. 797: 69–75. Google Scholar 22Troiano RP, Frongillo EA, Sobal J, et al. The relationship between body weight and mortality: a quantitative analysis of combine information from existing studies. Int J Obes 1996; 20: 63–75. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 23Frisancho AR. New norms of upper limb fat and muscle areas for assessment of nutritional status. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34: 2540–45. 10.1093/ajcn/34.11.2540 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 24Bailey DA, McKaym HA, Mirwald RL, et al. A six-year longitudinal study of the relationship of physical activity to bone mineral accrual in growing children: the University of Saskatchewan bone mineral accrual study. J Bone Miner Res 1999; 14: 1672–79. 10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.10.1672 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 25Morris NM, Udry JR. Validation of a self-administered instrument to assess stage of adolescent development. J Youth & Adolesc 1980; 9: 271–80. 10.1007/BF02088471 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 26Tanner JM. Growth at Adolescence, 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Pub, 1962. Google Scholar 27Henderson RC, Madsen CD. Bone density in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 1996; 128: 28–34. 10.1016/S0022-3476(96)70424-9 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 28Bhudhikanok GS, Wang M-C, Marcus R, et al. Bone acquisition and loss in children and adults with cystic fibrosis: a longitudinal study. J Pediatr 1998; 133: 18–27. 10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70172-6 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 29Bachrach LK. Acquisition of optimal bone mass in childhood and adolescence. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2001; 12: 22–28. 10.1016/S1043-2760(00)00336-2 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 30 National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. NIH Consens Statement 2000, March 27-29; 17(1): 1–36. Google Scholar 31Matkovic V. Calcium and peak bone mass. J Intern Med 1992; 231: 151–60. 10.1111/j.1365-2796.1992.tb00518.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 32Lai HC, FitzSimmons SC, Allen DB, Kosorok MR, et al. Persistent growth impairment in children with cystic fibrosis following treatment with alternate-day prednisone. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 851–59. 10.1056/NEJM200003233421204 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 33 Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1997. Google Scholar 34Couper RT, Corey M, Moore DJ, et al. Decline of exocrine pancreatic function in cystic fibrosis patients with pancreatic insufficiency. Pediatr Res 1992: 32; 179–82. 10.1203/00006450-199208000-00011 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 35Gaskin KJ, Durie PR, Lee L, et al. Colipase and lipase secretion in childhood-onset pancreatic insufficiency: delineation of patients with steatorrhea secondary to relative colipase deficiency. Gastroenterol 1984: 86; 1–7. 10.1016/0016-5085(84)90582-1 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 36Kerem E, Corey M, Kerem BS, et al. The relation between genotype and phenotype in cystic fibrosis-analysis of the most common mutation (DF508). N Engl J Med 1990: 232; 1517–22. 10.1056/NEJM199011293232203 Web of Science®Google Scholar 37Kristidis P, Bozon D, Corey M, et al. Genetic determination of exocrine pancreatic function in cystic fibrosis. Am J Hum Genet 1992: 50; 1175–84. Web of Science®Google Scholar 38Borowitz D, Evidence for the diagnosis of pancreatic sufficiency. Pediatr Pulmonol 2000; 29: 167–8. 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0496(200003)29:3 3.0.CO;2-5 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 39Caliari S, Benini L, Sembenini C, et al. Medium-chain triglyceride absorption in patients with pancreatic insufficiency. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996: 31; 90–4. 10.3109/00365529609031633 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 40Zentler-Munro PL, Fine DR, Batten JC, et al. Effect of cimetidine on enzyme inactivation, bile acid precipitation, and lipid solubilization in pancreatic steatorrhea due to cystic fibrosis. Gut 1985: 26; 892–901. 10.1136/gut.26.9.892 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 41Heijerman HG, Lamers CB, Bakker W. Omeprazole enhances the efficacy of pancreatin (Pancrease) in cystic fibrosis. Ann Int Med 1991; 114: 200–01. 10.7326/0003-4819-114-3-200 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 42Hendeles L, Dorf A, Stecenko A, et al. Treatment failure after substitution of generic pancrelipase capsules. JAMA 1990: 263; 2459–61. 10.1001/jama.1990.03440180065033 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 43Jeejeebhoy KN, Ahmed S, Kozak G. Determination of faecal fats containing both medium chain and long-chain triglycerides and fatty acids. Clin Biochem 1970; 3: 157–63. 10.1016/S0009-9120(70)80021-2 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 44Van Dijk-van Aalst K, Van den Driessche M, van der Schoor S, et al. 13C Mixed triglyceride breath test: a noninvasive method to assess lipase activity in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001: 32; 579–85. 10.1097/00005176-200105000-00017 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 45Borowitz D, Grand RJ, Durie PR. Use of pancreatic enzyme supplements for patients with cystic fibrosis in the context of fibrosing colonopathy. J Pediatr 1995; 127: 681–84. 10.1016/S0022-3476(95)70153-2 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 46FitzSimmons SC, Burkhart GA, Borowitz D, et al. High-dose pancreatic-enzyme supplements and fibrosing colonopathy in children with cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med 1998: 336; 1283–1289. 10.1056/NEJM199705013361803 Web of Science®Google Scholar 47 Committee on Nutrition, R Kleinman (Ed. ), Pediatric Nutrition Handbook, 4th edition, American Academy of Pediatrics, pp. 525, 1998. Google Scholar 48 Center for Disease Control, Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. MMWR, Apr 3, 1998, 47 (rr-3): 1–36. PubMedGoogle Scholar 49Lai HC, Corey M, FitzSimmons S, et al. Comparison of growth status in patients with cystic fibrosis between United States and Canada. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 531–8. 10.1093/ajcn/69.3.531 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 50Karlberg J, Kjellmer I, Kristiansson B. Linear growth in children with cystic fibrosis: I birth to 8 years of age. Acta Paeditr Scanda 1991: 80; 508–14. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1991.tb11894.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 51Lai H-C, Kasorok MR, Sondel SA, et al. Growth status of children with cystic fibrosis based on the National Cystic Fibrosis Patient Registry: Evaluation of various criteria used to identify malnutrition. J Pediatr 1998: 132; 478–85. 10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70024-1 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 52Weber AM, Roy CC, Morin CL, et al. Malabsorption of bile acids in children with cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med 1973: 289; 1001–5. 10.1056/NEJM197311082891903 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 53Winklhofer-Roob BM, van't Hof MA, Shmerling DH. Response to oral beta-carotene supplementation in patients with cystic fibrosis: a 16-month follow-up study. Acta Paediatr 1995; 84: 1132–36. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1995.tb13512.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 54Palin D, Underwood BA, Denning CR. Effect of oral zinc supplementation on plasma levels of vitamin A and retinol-binding protein in cystic fibrosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1979; 32: 1253–59. 10.1093/ajcn/32.6.1253 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 55Feranchak AP, Sontag MK, Wagener JS, et al. Prospective, long-term study of fat-soluble vitamin status in children with cystic fibrosis identified by newborn screen. J Pediatr 1999; 135: 601–10. 10.1016/S0022-3476(99)70059-4 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 56Winklhofer-Roob BM, van't Hof MA, Shmerling DH. Long-term oral vitamin E supplementation in cystic fibrosis patients: RRR-alpha-tocopherol compared with all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate preparations. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63: 722–28. 10.1093/ajcn/63.5.722 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 57Rashid M, Durie P, Andrew M, et al. Prevalence of vitamin K deficiency in cystic fibrosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 378–82. 10.1093/ajcn/70.3.378 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 58Lepage G, Champagne J, Ronco N, et al. Supplementation with carotentoids corrects increased lipid peroxidation in children with cystic fibrosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 64: 87–93. 10.1093/ajcn/64.1.87 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 59Renner S, Rath R, Rust P, et al. Effects of beta-carotene supplementation for six-months on clinical and laboratory parameters in patients with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2001; 56: 48–52. 10.1136/thorax.56.1.48 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 60Solomons NW, Wagonfeld JB, Rieger C, et al. Some biochemical indices of nutrition in treated cystic fibrosis patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34: 462–74. 10.1093/ajcn/34.4.462 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 61Lindblad A, Diczfalusy U, Hulcrantz R, et al. Vitamin A Concentration in the liver decreases with age in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1997; 24: 264–70. 10.1097/00005176-199703000-00006 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 62Rayner RJ, Tyrell JC, Hiller EJ, et al. Night blindness and conjunctival xerosis caused by vitamin A deficiency in patients with cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child 1989; 64: 1151–56. 10.1136/adc.64.8.1151 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 63Duggan C, Andrew CA, Agil A, et al. Vitamin A status in acute exacerbations of cystic fibrosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 64: 635–39. 10.1093/ajcn/64.4.635 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 64Hahn TJ, Squires AE, Halstead LR, et al. Reduced serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and disordered mineral metabolism in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 1979: 94; 38–42. 10.1016/S0022-3476(79)80346-7 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 65Winklhofer-Roob BM, Tuchschmid PE, Molinari L, et al. Response to a single oral dose of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate in patients with cystic fibrosis and in healthy individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63: 717–21. 10.1093/ajcn/63.5.717 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 66Beker LT, Ahrens RA, Fink RJ, et al. Effect of vitamin K-1 supplementation on vitamin K status in cystic fibrosis patients. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1997; 24: 512–17. 10.1097/00005176-199705000-00003 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 67Wilson DC, Rashid M, Durie PR, et al. Treatment of vitamin K deficiency in cystic fibrosis: effectiveness of a daily fat-soluble vitamin combination. J Pediatr 2001; 138: 851–55. 10.1067/mpd.2001.113633 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 68Roigers V, Dab I, Brokaert R, et al. Long-chain nonesterified fatty acid patterns in plasma of cystic fibrosis patients and their parents. Pediatr Res 1980; 14: 1088–91. 10.1203/00006450-198009000-00015 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 69Christophe AB, Warwick WJ, Holman RT. Serum fatty acid profiles in cystic fibrosis patients and their patrents. Lipids 1994; 29: 569–75. 10.1007/BF02536629 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 70Roulet M, Frascarolo P, Rappaz I, et al. Essential fatty acid deficiency in well nourished young cystic fibrosis patients. Eur J Pediatr 1997; 156: 952–56. 10.1007/s004310050750 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 71Lloyd-Still JD, Bibus DM, Power CA, et al. Essential fatty acid deficiency and predisposition to lung disease in cystic fibrosis. Acta Paediatr 1996; 85: 1426–32. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb13947.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 72Freedman SD, Katz MH, Parker EM, et al. A membrane lipid imbalance plays a role in the phenotypic expression of cystic fibrosis in CFTR −/− mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 13995–14000. 10.1073/pnas.96.24.13995 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 73Bhudhikanok GS, Lim J, Marcus R, et al. Correlates of osteopenia in patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatrics 1996: 9; 103–11. Google Scholar 74Henderson RC, Madsen CD. Bone mineral content and body composition in children and adults with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 1999: 27; 80–4. 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0496(199902)27:2 3.0.CO;2-J CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 75Mortensen LA, Chan GM, Alder SC, et al. Bone mineral status in prepubertal children with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 2000: 136; 648–52. 10.1067/mpd.2000.104271 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 76Keevil B, Rowlands D, Burton I, et al. Assessment of iron status in cystic fibrosis patients. Ann Clin Biochem 2000: 37; 662–65. 10.1258/0004563001899708 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 77Alter JL, Hebst JJ, Landaw SA, et al. Relative anemia and iron deficiency in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr 1983: 71; 810–14. 10.1542/peds.71.5.810 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 78Ehrhardt P, Miller MG, Littlewood JM. Iron deficiency in cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child 1987: 62; 185–87. 10.1136/adc.62.2.185 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 79Keevil B, Rowlands D, Burton I, et al. Assessment of iron status in cystic fibrosis patients. Ann Clin Biochem 2000: 37; 662–65. 10.1258/0004563001899708 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 80Easley D, Krebs N, Jefferson M, et al, Effect of pancreatic enzymes on zinc absorption in cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998: 26; 136–39. 10.1097/00005176-199802000-00003 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 81Krebs NF, Westcott JE, Arnold TD, et al. Abnormalities of zinc homeostasis in young infants with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Res 2000: 48; 256–61. 10.1203/00006450-200008000-00022 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 82Di Sant Agnese PA, Salt depletion in cold weather in infants with cystic fibrosis. JAMA 1960: 84; 2014–21. 10.1001/jama.1960.03020180024005 Google Scholar 83Laughlin JJ, Brady MS, Eigen H. Changing feeding trends as a cause of electrolyte depletion in infants with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr 1981; 68: 203–207. 10.1542/peds.68.2.203 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 84Legris GJ, Dearborn D, Stern RC, et al. Sodium space and intravascular volume: Dietary sodium effects in cystic fibrosis and healthy adolescent subjects. Pediatr 1998: 101; 48–568. 10.1542/peds.101.1.48 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 85Stern RC, Canda ER, Doershuk CF. Use of nonmedical treatment by cystic fibrosis patients. J Adolesc Health 1992; 13: 612–15. 10.1016/1054-139X(92)90376-M CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 86Marcus M, Lee SK, Lai HC. Use of alternative medicines in children and adults with CF. Building Block 2000; 24: 12–14. Google Scholar 87Committee on Children with Disabilities, American Academy of Pediatrics, Counseling families who choose complementary and alternative medicine for their child with chronic illness or disability. Pediatrics 2001: 107; 598–601. 10.1542/peds.107.3.598 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 88Malfroot A, Dab I. New insights on gastro-oesophageal reflux in cystic fibrosis by longitudinal follow-up. Arch Dis Child 1991: 66; 1339–45. 10.1136/adc.66.11.1339 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 89Scott RB, O'Laughlin EV, Gall DG. Gastroesophageal reflux in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 1985; 106: 223–27. 10.1016/S0022-3476(85)80291-2 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 90Rudolph CD, et al. Guidelines for evaluation and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children. Recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001: 32;suppl 2 S1–S31. 10.1002/j.1536-4801.2001.tb07189.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 91Moran A, Doherty L, Wang X, et al. Abnormal glucose metabolism in cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 1988; 133: 10–17. 10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70171-4 Google Scholar 92Moran A, Hardin D, Rodman D, et al. Diagnosis, Screening and management of cystic fibrosis related diabetes mellitus: A consensus report. Diabet Res and Clin Pract 1999; 45: 61–73. 10.1016/S0168-8227(99)00058-3 CASPubMedGoogle Scholar 93Sokol RJ, Durie PR. Recommendations for management of liver and biliary tract disease in cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1999; 28 Suppl 1: S1–13. 10.1097/00005176-199900001-00001 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 94Lai HC, Kosorok MR, Laxova A, et al. Nutritional status of patients with cystic fibrosis with meconium ileus: a comparison with patients without meconium ileus diagnosed early through neonatal screening. Pediatrics 2000; 105: 53–61. 10.1542/peds.105.1.53 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 95Crist W, McDonnell P, Beck M, et al. Behavior at mealtimes in the young child with cystic fibrosis. J Devel Behav Pediatr 1994; 15: 157–61. 10.1097/00004703-199406000-00001 Web of Science®Google Scholar 96Stark LJ, Jelalian E, Powers SW, et al. Parent and child mealtime behavior in families of children with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 2000: 136; 195–200. 10.1016/S0022-3476(00)70101-6 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 97Hanning RM, Blimkie C, Bar-Or O et al, Relationships among nutritional status and skeletal respiratory muscle function in cystic fibrosis: does early dietary supplementation make a difference. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 57: 580–k. 10.1093/ajcn/57.4.580 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 98Parsons HG, Beaudry P, Dumas A, et al. Energy needs and growth in children with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1983; 2: 44–9. 10.1097/00005176-198302010-00005 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 99Kalnins D, Durie PR, Corey M, et al. Are oral dietary supplements effective in the nutritional management of adolescents and adults with CF. Pediatr Pulmonol 1996;Suppl 11: 314–5. Google Scholar 100Rettammel AL, Marcus M, Farrell PM, et al. Oral supplementation with a high-fat, high-energy product improves nutritional status and alters serum lipids in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Am Diet Assoc 1995; 95: 454–9. 10.1016/S0002-8223(95)00121-2 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 101Erskine JM, Lingard CD, Sontag MK, et al. Enteral nutrition for patients with cystic fibrosis: comparison of a semi-elemental and non-elemental formula. J Pediatr 1998; 132: 265–9. 10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70443-3 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 102Durie PD, Newth C, Forstner G, et al. Malabsorption of medium-chain triglycerides in infants with cystic fibrosis: correction with pancreatic enzyme supplements. J Pediatr 1980: 862–4. Google Scholar 103Kane RE, Hobbs PJ, Black PG. Comparison of low, medium and high carbohydrate formulas for nighttime enteral feedings in cystic fibrosis patients. J Parent Ent Nutr 1990; 14: 47–52. 10.1177/014860719001400147 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 104Hardin DS, LeBlanc A, Lukenbaugh S, et al. Proteolysis associated with insulin resistance in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr 1998; 101: 433–37. 10.1542/peds.101.3.433 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 105Lanng S, Thorsteinsson B, Nerup J, et al. Diabetes mellitus in cystic fibrosis: effect of insulin therapy on lung function and infections. Acta Paediatr 1994; 83: 849–53. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13156.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 106Hardin DS, Ellis KJ, Dyson M, et al. Growth hormone improves clinical status in pre-pubertal children with cystic fibrosis: results of a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr 2001; 139: 636–42. 10.1067/mpd.2001.117578 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 107Hardin DS, Ellis KJ, Dyson M, et al. Growth hormone decreases protein catabolism in children with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 4424–28. 10.1210/jcem.86.9.7822 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 108Marchand V, Baker SS, Stard TJ, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial of megestrol acetate in malnourished children with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 31: 264–69. 10.1002/j.1536-4801.2000.tb07114.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 109Newkirk M, Martinez JC, Ewig J, et al. Adrenal suppression in children with cystic fibrosis treated with megestrol acetate (Megace). Pediatr Pulmonol 2001;Suppl 20; 323. Google Scholar 110 Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2001. Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume35, Issue3September 2002Pages 246-259 ReferencesRelatedInformation