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Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Literature Review

2024; Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; Volume: 12; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.3390/microorganisms12010213

2076-2607

Mihnea Miron, Mihaela Blaj, Irina Ristescu, G Iosep, Andrei-Nicolae Avădanei, Diana Gabriela Iosep, Radu Crișan-Dabija, A Ciocan, Mihaela Perţea, Carmen Manciuc, Ștefana Luca, Cristina Grigorescu, Mihaela Cătălina Luca,

Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and its subtype, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), remain two significant causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite the better understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms, etiology, risk factors, preventive methods (bundle of care principles) and supportive care. Prior detection of the risk factors combined with a clear clinical judgement based on clinical scores and dosage of different inflammatory biomarkers (procalcitonin, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myelloid cells type 1, C-reactive protein, mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin, mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide) represent the cornerstones of a well-established management plan by improving patient’s outcome. This review article provides an overview of the newly approved terminology considering nosocomial pneumonia, as well as the risk factors, biomarkers, diagnostic methods and new treatment options that can guide the management of this spectrum of infections.