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Tactile localization promotes infant self-recognition in the mirror-mark test

2024; Elsevier BV; Volume: 34; Issue: 6 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.028

1879-0445

Lisa K. Chinn, Claire F. Noonan, Katarina S. Patton, Jeffrey J. Lockman,

Face Recognition and Perception

Mirror self-recognition has been hailed by many as a milestone in the acquisition of self-awareness with respect to phylogenesis and human ontogenesis. 1 Gallup G.G. Anderson J.R. Self-recognition in animals: where do we stand 50 years later? Lessons from cleaner wrasse and other species. Psychol. Conscious.: Theor. Res. Pract. 2020; 7: 46-58 Crossref Scopus (51) Google Scholar ,2 Povinelli D.J. Gallup G.G. Eddy T.J. Bierschwale D.T. Engstrom M.C. Perilloux H.K. Toxopeus I.B. Chimpanzees recognize themselves in mirrors. Anim. Behav. 1997; 53: 1083-1088 Crossref Scopus (100) Google Scholar ,3 Amsterdam B. Mirror self-image reactions before age two. Dev. Psychobiol. 1972; 5: 297-305 Crossref PubMed Scopus (521) Google Scholar ,4 Bertenthal B.I. Fischer K.W. Development of self-recognition in the infant. Dev. Psychol. 1978; 14: 44-50 Crossref Scopus (207) Google Scholar ,5 Brooks-Gunn J. Lewis M. The development of early visual self-recognition. Dev. Rev. 1984; 4: 215-239 Crossref Scopus (69) Google Scholar ,6 Lewis M. Brooks-Gunn J. The development of self recognition. in: Lewis M. Brooks-Gunn J. Social Cognition and the Acquisition of Self. Springer, 1979: 198-221 Crossref Google Scholar Yet there has been considerable controversy over the extent to which species other than humans and their closest primate relatives are capable of mirror self-recognition, and to the mechanisms that give rise to this ability. 1 Gallup G.G. Anderson J.R. Self-recognition in animals: where do we stand 50 years later? Lessons from cleaner wrasse and other species. Psychol. Conscious.: Theor. Res. Pract. 2020; 7: 46-58 Crossref Scopus (51) Google Scholar ,7 Rochat P. Zahavi D. The uncanny mirror: a re-framing of mirror self-experience. Conscious. Cogn. 2011; 20: 204-213 Crossref PubMed Scopus (97) Google Scholar One influential view is that mirror self-recognition in humans and their closest primate relatives is a cognitive advance that is a product of primate evolution, stemming from more recently evolved neural structures and networks that develop through experience-independent mechanisms during ontogenesis. 1 Gallup G.G. Anderson J.R. Self-recognition in animals: where do we stand 50 years later? Lessons from cleaner wrasse and other species. Psychol. Conscious.: Theor. Res. Pract. 2020; 7: 46-58 Crossref Scopus (51) Google Scholar In contrast, we show that the development of mirror self-recognition in human infants is a perception-action achievement, building on infants' ability to localize and reach to targets on the body. Infants who were given experience reaching to tactile targets on their bodies in the months prior to recognizing themselves in a mirror achieved mirror self-recognition earlier than infants in either a yoked age-matched control group or a longitudinal control group without such experience. Our results demonstrate that self-touch functions as an intermodal gateway through which infants learn how to localize and reach to stimuli on their bodies, including those that can only be seen in a mirror. These findings identify an overlooked role for the routine activity of self-touch in establishing a representation of the body and suggest that the development of human self-awareness is rooted in self-directed action.