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Positive feedbacks and alternative stable states in forest leaf types

2024; Nature Portfolio; Volume: 15; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1038/s41467-024-48676-5

2041-1723

Yibiao Zou, Constantin M. Zohner, Colin Averill, Haozhi Ma, Julian Merder, Miguel Berdugo, Lalasia Bialic‐Murphy, Lidong Mo, Philipp Brun, Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Jingjing Liang, Sergio de‐Miguel, G.J. Nabuurs, Peter B. Reich, Ulo Niinements, Jonas Dahlgren, Gerald Kändler, Sophia Ratcliffe, Paloma Ruiz‐Benito, Miguel Á. Zavala, Meinrad Abegg, Yves C. Adou Yao, Giorgio Alberti, Angélica M. Almeyda Zambrano, Braulio Vílchez Alvarado, Esteban Álvarez‐Dávila, Patricia Álvarez-Loayza, Luciana F. Alves, Christian Ammer, Clara Antón‐Fernández, Alejandro Araujo‐Murakami, Luzmila Arroyo, Valerio Avitabile, Gerardo A. Aymard C., Timothy R. Baker, Radomir Bałazy, Olaf Bánki, Jorcely Barroso, Meredith L. Bastian, Jean‐François Bastin, Luca Birigazzi, Philippe Birnbaum, Robert Bitariho, Pascal Boeckx, Frans Bongers, Olivier Bouriaud, Pedro H. S. Brancalion, Susanne Brandl, Francis Q. Brearley, Roel Brienen, Eben N. Broadbent, Helge Bruelheide, Filippo Bussotti, Roberto Cazzolla Gatti, Ricardo G. César, Goran Češljar, Robin L. Chazdon, Han Y. H. Chen, Chelsea Chisholm, Hyunkook Cho, Emil Cienciala, Connie J. Clark, David B. Clark, Gabriel Dalla Colletta, David A. Coomes, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, José Javier Corral‐Rivas, Philip M. Crim, Jonathan Cumming, Selvadurai Dayanandan, André Luís de Gasper, Mathieu Decuyper, Géraldine Derroire, Ben DeVries, Ilija Djordjević, Jiří Doležal, Aurélie Dourdain, Nestor Laurier Engone Obiang, Brian J. Enquist, Teresa J. Eyre, Adandé Belarmain Fandohan, Tom M. Fayle, Ted R. Feldpausch, Leandro Valle Ferreira, Leena Finér, Markus Fischer, Christine Fletcher, Jonas Fridman, Lorenzo Frizzera, Javier G. P. Gamarra, Damiano Gianelle, Henry B. Glick, David J. Harris, Andy Hector, Andreas Hemp, Geerten Hengeveld, Bruno Hérault, John Herbohn, Martin Herold, Annika Hillers, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Cang Hui, Thomas Ibanez, Amaral Iêda, Nobuo Imai, Andrzej M. Jagodziński, Bogdan Jaroszewicz, Vivian Kvist Johannsen, Carlos Alfredo Joly, Tommaso Jucker, Ilbin Jung, Viktor Karminov, Kuswata Kartawinata, Elizabeth Kearsley, David Kenfack, Deborah Kennard, Sebastian Kepfer‐Rojas, Gunnar Keppel, Mohammed Latif Khan, Timothy J. Killeen, Hyun Seok Kim, Kanehiro Kitayama, Michael Köhl, Henn Korjus, Florian Kraxner, Diana Laarmann, Mait Lang, Simon L. Lewis, Huicui Lu, Н. В. Лукина, Brian Maitner, Yadvinder Malhi, Éric Marcon, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Ben Hur Marimon, Andrew R. Marshall, Emanuel H. Martin, Dmitry E. Kucher, Jorge A. Meave, Omar Melo‐Cruz, Casimiro Mendoza, Cory Merow, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, Vanessa S. Moreno, Sharif A. Mukul, Philip Mundhenk, María Guadalupe Nava‐Miranda, David Neill, Victor J. Neldner, Radovan Nevenić, Michael R. Ngugi, Pascal A. Niklaus, Jacek Oleksyn, Petr Ontikov, Edgar Ortiz‐Malavasi, Yude Pan, Alain Paquette, Alexander Parada‐Gutierrez, E. I. Parfenova, Sylvia Park, Marc Parren, Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy, Pablo Luís Peri, Sebastian Pfautsch, Oliver L. Phillips, Nicolas Picard, María Teresa Fernández Piedade, Daniel Piotto, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Irina Polo, Lourens Poorter, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, John R. Poulsen, Hans Pretzsch, Freddy Ramírez Arévalo, Zorayda Restrepo‐Correa, Mirco Rodeghiero, Samir Gonçalves Rolim, Anand Roopsind, Francesco Rovero, Ervan Rutishauser, Purabi Saikia, Christian Salas, Philippe Saner, Peter Schall, M.J. Schelhaas, Dmitry Schepaschenko, Michael Scherer‐Lorenzen, Bernhard Schmid, Jochen Schöngart, Eric B. Searle, Vladimír Šebeň, Josep M. Serra‐Diaz, Douglas Sheil, А. Shvidenko, Javier E. Silva‐Espejo, Marcos Silveira, James Singh, Plínio Sist, Ferry Slik, Bonaventure Sonké, Alexandre F. Souza, Stanisław Miścicki, Krzysztof Stereńczak, Jens‐Christian Svenning, Miroslav Svoboda, Ben Swanepoel, Natália Targhetta, N. M. Tchebakova, Hans ter Steege, Raquel Thomas, Elena Tikhonova, Peter M. Umunay, V. А. Usoltsev, Renato Valencia, Fernando Valladares, Fons van der Plas, Tran Van Do, Michael E. Van Nuland, Rodolfo Vásquez, Hans Verbeeck, Hélder Viana, Alexander Christian Vibrans, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Klaus von Gadow, Hua‐Feng Wang, James E. M. Watson, Gijsbert D. A. Werner, Bertil Westerlund, Susan K. Wiser, Florian Wittmann, Hannsjoerg Woell, Verginia Wortel, Roderik Zagt, Tomasz Zawiła‐Niedźwiecki, Chunyu Zhang, Xiuhai Zhao, Mo Zhou, Zhi‐Xin Zhu, Irié C. Zo‐Bi, Thomas W. Crowther,

Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics

Abstract The emergence of alternative stable states in forest systems has significant implications for the functioning and structure of the terrestrial biosphere, yet empirical evidence remains scarce. Here, we combine global forest biodiversity observations and simulations to test for alternative stable states in the presence of evergreen and deciduous forest types. We reveal a bimodal distribution of forest leaf types across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere that cannot be explained by the environment alone, suggesting signatures of alternative forest states. Moreover, we empirically demonstrate the existence of positive feedbacks in tree growth, recruitment and mortality, with trees having 4–43% higher growth rates, 14–17% higher survival rates and 4–7 times higher recruitment rates when they are surrounded by trees of their own leaf type. Simulations show that the observed positive feedbacks are necessary and sufficient to generate alternative forest states, which also lead to dependency on history (hysteresis) during ecosystem transition from evergreen to deciduous forests and vice versa. We identify hotspots of bistable forest types in evergreen-deciduous ecotones, which are likely driven by soil-related positive feedbacks. These findings are integral to predicting the distribution of forest biomes, and aid to our understanding of biodiversity, carbon turnover, and terrestrial climate feedbacks.