Materials and System Design in Solar-Driven Hydrogen Production
2024; American Chemical Society; Volume: 6; Issue: 8 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c01387
ISSN2639-4979
Autores Tópico(s)Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion
ResumoInfoMetricsFiguresRef. ACS Materials LettersVol 6/Issue 8Article This publication is free to access through this site. Learn More CiteCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore citation options ShareShare onFacebookX (Twitter)WeChatLinkedInRedditEmailJump toExpandCollapse EditorialAugust 5, 2024Materials and System Design in Solar-Driven Hydrogen ProductionClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!Jingxiang LowJingxiang LowSchool of Chemistry and Materials Science, and Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, ChinaMore by Jingxiang Lowhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2486-6357Yujie Xiong*Yujie XiongSchool of Chemistry and Materials Science, and Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China*E-mail: [email protected]More by Yujie Xionghttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1995-8257Open PDFACS Materials LettersCite this: ACS Materials Lett. 2024, 6, 8, 3713–3715Click to copy citationCitation copied!https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c01387https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c01387Published August 5, 2024 Publication History Received 8 July 2024Accepted 15 July 2024Published online 5 August 2024Published in issue 5 August 2024editorialCopyright © Published 2024 by American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissionsThis publication is licensed for personal use by The American Chemical Society. ACS PublicationsCopyright © Published 2024 by American Chemical SocietySubjectswhat are subjectsArticle subjects are automatically applied from the ACS Subject Taxonomy and describe the scientific concepts and themes of the article.CatalystsHydrogenPhotocatalysisSolar energyWater splittingSpecial IssuePublished as part of ACS Materials Letters virtual special issue "Materials for Water Splitting".As the world embraces the imperative of significant carbon emission reductions, the development of next-generation energy systems has never been more critical. The hydrogen economy─a proposed energy system where hydrogen serves as the primary energy carrier─holds tremendous promise for the environment, energy security, and the economy. (1) It stands as a leading contender to replace current fossil fuel-based systems. At the heart of realizing the hydrogen economy is the ability to produce green hydrogen through water splitting, (2) powered by renewable solar energy via photocatalysis or electrocatalysis. Despite their differing mechanisms, the key to both technologies lies in the development of efficient catalysts. Therefore, we have put our focus on the materials design for water splitting in this collection.Photocatalysis offers a direct method for converting solar energy into chemical energy. (3) In the evolving field of photocatalytic water splitting, numerous novel materials have emerged as potential efficient photocatalysts. For instance, atomically precise nanoclusters have garnered significant attention due to their unique optical properties and defined surface-active sites, and their applications in photocatalytic water have been reviewed by Liu et al. in this collection (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00622). Apart from the nanoclusters, Zhao and co-workers reviewed the potential of covalent–organic frameworks (COFs), which exhibit tailorable structures, ultrahigh porosity, and robust frameworks, as photocatalysts for water splitting (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00414). They summarized recent advancements in the functional regulation of COFs, propelling photocatalytic water splitting toward practical applications.In addition to review articles, several publications related to materials and system design for photocatalytic water splitting are also included in this collection. Niu et al. prepared COF heterostructures by assembling two COFs for photocatalytic overall water splitting (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00026). To further facilitate the photogenerated charge carrier separation across the two COFs, they introduced reduced graphene oxides between them to act as a charge carrier mediator. Furthermore, Bu and co-workers showed that EDA modifications could significantly enhance the light absorption efficiency and reduction capability of ZnCdS (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00645). Jing et al. designed a Cu–N–TiO2 catalyst for solar-driven overall water splitting using a DFT-based screening process, achieving a solar-to-fuel efficiency of 0.2% (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00066). This work underscores the effectiveness of materials calculations in selecting and screening photocatalysts.In photocatalysis, spatial separation of the reduction and oxidation sites is a straightforward strategy for enhancing the photocatalytic performance. Ninomiya et al. reported a Z-scheme-type water splitting employing Bi4TaO8Cl as an oxidation photocatalyst, TaON as a reduction photocatalyst, and FeIII/FeII as redox mediators (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00653). Interestingly, they revealed that controlling the redox potential of FeIII/FeII mediators could significantly tune photogenerated charge carrier separation efficiency. Similarly, Shi and co-workers employed a trace amount of Au as the mediator to guide the formation of the Z-scheme heterostructure between the two-dimensional g-C3N4 nanosheets and MoS2 (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00617), preserving the system's high reduction capability and maximizing photocatalytic water reduction performance.The effective utilization of photogenerated holes is a long-standing challenge in water splitting, as they can recombine with photogenerated electrons, suppressing reaction efficiency. Miao et al. addressed this by coupling the water reduction reaction with the oxidation of poly(vinyl alcohol) plastics, effectively utilizing photogenerated electrons and holes (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.3c01573). This coupled reaction system demonstrated a 10-fold enhancement in hydrogen production efficiency compared to pure water splitting. Kamat and co-workers designed a photocatalytically active membrane by embedding AgInS2 and Pt on different sides of a Nafion membrane (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00322). In addition, they coupled the water reduction reaction with ethanol oxidation to facilitate the consumption of photogenerated holes. Furthermore, coupling photocatalysis and electrocatalysis to form photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting can further enhance performance. (4) Shin and co-workers reviewed recent advancements in earth-abundant metal oxides for monolithic tandem PEC water splitting devices (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00636). Fu et al. proposed an innovative inside-out light delivery approach to improve PEC system efficiency (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00456), and Chaule et al. developed an Al and Fe codoped Fe2O3 for highly efficient PEC water splitting (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00700).Electrocatalytic water splitting can also harness solar energy by coupling photovoltaic systems with electrocatalysis, converting electrical energy, which is often difficult to store efficiently, into chemical energy (i.e., hydrogen bonds). (5) This collection includes several important publications on electrocatalytic water splitting. For instance, Kulkarni et al. prepared a review on the recent development of surface-functionalized MXenes for electrocatalytic water splitting (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00034). To reach the practical applications of water splitting, the device architecture and system design also need to be considered. In this regard, Mathur and Diesendruck discussed advanced device architecture strategies for decoupled water splitting (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00745), and Lee et al. provided a systematic overview of water splitting using membrane electrode assemblies (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00699).Achieving ultralow overpotential for water splitting is critical for high energy efficiency in hydrogen production. Cui et al. utilized the high-temperature shock method to prepare densely assembled Ru nanoparticles and single atoms on porous carbon, reaching an ultralow overpotential of 13 mV at 10 mA cm–2 (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00124). This catalyst demonstrated continuous operation at 1 A cm–2 in an alkaline solution for 550 h, indicating its high stability for potential applications. Enhancing the metal site utilization efficiency of the catalyst is a viable way to improve the economic consideration of the noble metals in HER. Cho et al. studied HER performance of TiC-based single-atom (Pt, Pd, Au, and Ag) catalysts, revealing the potential roles of these noble-metal single atoms (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00550). In addition, Hussaian et al. prepared single atoms anchored on phosphoniobic acid clusters, and evaluated their water splitting performance (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00349). Furthermore, Apfel and co-workers studied the electrocatalytic HER performance and stability of a variety of trimetallic pentlandites (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00024). Given the higher practicality of non-noble metals as catalysts, Huang et al. reported noble-metal-free MoP-Mo2C heterogeneous nanoparticles coated with porous carbon networks, achieving an overpotential of 102.1 mV at 10 mA cm–2 in alkaline solution (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.3c01494).The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has been known as the rate-determining step for the water splitting reaction. Therefore, it is equivalently important to optimize anode catalysts for electrochemical water splitting. In this collection, notable studies include Abdelghafar's unique perovskite oxide (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00789), Bai et al.'s ternary oxide composites FeNiCoOx/CoOx with rich oxygen vacancies (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00716), and Wang et al.'s high-entropy oxides of (FeCoNiCrMnCu)3O4 with high strain for the OER (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00286). Furthermore, Marquez et al. prepared a Perspective on the stability and OER performance of transition metal borides, carbides, pnictides, and chalcogenides using materials databases and machine learning (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00544). Apart from catalyst design, Murugavel and co-workers demonstrated enhanced OER performance of molecular cobalt phosphate catalysts by inducing an external magnetic field (50–300 mT) during the reaction (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00763). Huo et al. substituted the sluggish OER with the thermodynamically advantageous sulfur ion oxidation reaction, significantly reducing overall energy consumption for green hydrogen production (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00695).Beyond direct water splitting to produce hydrogen, photocatalysis and electrocatalysis can also be employed to produce hydrogen carriers, such as ammonia, methanol and H2O2. (6) Wu et al. reported the use of Pt–Cu alloy quantum dots on graphdiyne for the electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction, achieving NH3 production at high faradaic efficiency of 96.5% at −0.5 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00691). Additionally, Alam et al. demonstrated that COFs can be potential candidates for photocatalytic H2O2 production, another hydrogen carrier (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00418). Furthermore, Feng and co-workers demonstrated the dehydrogenation of methanol, a widely employed hydrogen carrier, through an electrochemical reaction to produce hydrogen (DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00244).As a clean energy carrier, hydrogen is poised to be a key energy source for the future. Recent advancements in green hydrogen production technology have brought the hydrogen economy closer to widespread application. However, we must not rest on our laurels. More effort is needed to address challenges such as reducing overpotential, optimizing oxidation reactions, and improving hydrogen storage. To achieve these goals, idea-sharing among the scientific community is indispensable. We extend our heartfelt gratitude to all contributors to this collection and hope their contributions will advance the development of solar-driven water splitting for hydrogen production.Author InformationClick to copy section linkSection link copied!Corresponding AuthorYujie Xiong, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, and Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1995-8257, Email: [email protected]AuthorJingxiang Low, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, and Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2486-6357NotesViews expressed in this editorial are those of the authors and not necessarily the views of the ACS.ReferencesClick to copy section linkSection link copied! This article references 6 other publications. 1Kumar, A.; Daw, P.; Milstein, D. Homogeneous catalysis for sustainable energy: hydrogen and methanol economies, fuels from biomass, and related topics. Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 385– 441, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00412 Google Scholar1Homogeneous Catalysis for Sustainable Energy: Hydrogen and Methanol Economies, Fuels from Biomass, and Related TopicsKumar, Amit; Daw, Prosenjit; Milstein, DavidChemical Reviews (Washington, DC, United States) (2022), 122 (1), 385-441CODEN: CHREAY; ISSN:0009-2665. (American Chemical Society) A review. As the world pledges to significantly cut carbon emissions, the demand for sustainable and clean energy has now become more important than ever. This includes both prodn. and storage of energy carriers, a majority of which involve catalytic reactions. This article reviews recent developments of homogeneous catalysts in emerging applications of sustainable energy. The most important focus has been on hydrogen storage as several efficient homogeneous catalysts have been reported recently for (de)hydrogenative transformations promising to the hydrogen economy. Another direction that has been extensively covered in this review is that of the methanol economy. Homogeneous catalysts investigated for the prodn. of methanol from CO2, CO, and HCOOH have been discussed in detail. Moreover, catalytic processes for the prodn. of conventional fuels (higher alkanes such as diesel, wax) from biomass or lower alkanes have also been discussed. A section has also been dedicated to the prodn. of ethylene glycol from CO and H2 using homogeneous catalysts. Well-defined transition metal complexes, in particular, pincer complexes, have been discussed in more detail due to their high activity and well-studied mechanisms. >> More from SciFinder ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXitlOhur%252FL&md5=12a5fa133eafbe8b56602b447a4045132Joya, K. S.; Joya, Y. F.; Ocakoglu, K.; van de Krol, R. Water-splitting catalysis and solar fuel devices: artificial leaves on the move. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 10426– 10437, DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300136 Google Scholar2Water-splitting catalysis and solar fuel devices: artificial leaves on the moveJoya, Khurram Saleem; Joya, Yasir F.; Ocakoglu, Kasim; van de Krol, RoelAngewandte Chemie, International Edition (2013), 52 (40), 10426-10437CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA) Review. The development of new energy materials that can be utilized to make renewable and clean fuels from abundant and easily accessible resources is among the most challenging and demanding tasks in science today. Solar-powered catalytic water-splitting processes can be exploited as a source of electrons and protons to make clean renewable fuels, such as hydrogen, and in the sequestration of CO2 and its conversion into low-carbon energy carriers. Recently, there have been tremendous efforts to build up a stand-alone solar-to-fuel conversion device, the "artificial leaf", using light and water as raw materials. An overview of the recent progress in electrochem. and photo-electrocatalytic water splitting devices is presented, using both mol. water oxidn. complexes (WOCs) and nano-structured assemblies to develop an artificial photosynthetic system. >> More from SciFinder ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhtlShsbvN&md5=cea4e8a17ce155718028d47552f44bca3Wang, Q.; Domen, K. Particulate photocatalysts for light-driven water splitting: mechanisms, challenges, and design strategies. Chem. Rev. 2020, 120, 919– 985, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00201 Google Scholar3Particulate Photocatalysts for Light-Driven Water Splitting: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Design StrategiesWang, Qian; Domen, KazunariChemical Reviews (Washington, DC, United States) (2020), 120 (2), 919-985CODEN: CHREAY; ISSN:0009-2665. (American Chemical Society) A review. Solar-driven water splitting provides a leading approach to store the abundant yet intermittent solar energy and produce hydrogen as a clean and sustainable energy carrier. A straightforward route to light-driven water splitting is to apply self-supported particulate photocatalysts, which is expected to allow solar hydrogen to be competitive with fossil-fuel-derived hydrogen on a levelized cost basis. More importantly, the powder-based systems can lend themselves to making functional panels on a large scale while retaining the intrinsic activity of the photocatalyst. However, all attempts to generate hydrogen via powder-based solar water-splitting systems to date have unfortunately fallen short of the efficiency values required for practical applications. Photocatalysis on photocatalyst particles involves three sequential steps, absorption of photons with higher energies than the bandgap of the photocatalysts, leading to the excitation of electron-hole pairs in the particles, charge sepn. and migration of these photoexcited carriers, and surface chem. reactions based on these carriers. In this review, the focus is on the challenges of each step and summarize material design strategies to overcome the obstacles and limitations. This review illustrates that it is possible to employ the fundamental principles underlying photosynthesis and the tools of chem. and materials science to design and prep. photocatalysts for overall water splitting. >> More from SciFinder ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhsFaqtLzI&md5=a5610cb48ebce0f099d0ab1929b9d32e4Siavash Moakhar, R.; Hosseini-Hosseinabad, S. M.; Masudy-Panah, S.; Seza, A.; Jalali, M.; Fallah-Arani, H.; Dabir, F.; Gholipour, S.; Abdi, Y.; Bagheri-Hariri, M.; Riahi-Noori, N.; Lim, Y.-F.; Hagfeldt, A.; Saliba, M. Photoelectrochemical water-splitting using CuO-based electrodes for hydrogen production: a review. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2007285 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007285 Google Scholar4Photoelectrochemical Water-Splitting Using CuO-Based Electrodes for Hydrogen Production: A ReviewSiavash Moakhar, Roozbeh; Hosseini-Hosseinabad, Seyed Morteza; Masudy-Panah, Saeid; Seza, Ashkan; Jalali, Mahsa; Fallah-Arani, Hesam; Dabir, Fatemeh; Gholipour, Somayeh; Abdi, Yaser; Bagheri-Hariri, Mohiedin; Riahi-Noori, Nastaran; Lim, Yee-Fun; Hagfeldt, Anders; Saliba, MichaelAdvanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2021), 33 (33), 2007285CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA) A review. The cost-effective, robust, and efficient electrocatalysts for photoelectrochem. (PEC) water-splitting has been extensively studied over the past decade to address a soln. for the energy crisis. The interesting physicochem. properties of CuO have introduced this promising photocathodic material among the few photocatalysts with a narrow bandgap. This photocatalyst has a high activity for the PEC hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under simulated sunlight irradn. Here, the recent advancements of CuO-based photoelectrodes, including undoped CuO, doped CuO, and CuO composites, in the PEC water-splitting field, are comprehensively studied. Moreover, the synthesis methods, characterization, and fundamental factors of each classification are discussed in detail. Apart from the exclusive characteristics of CuO-based photoelectrodes, the PEC properties of CuO/2D materials, as groups of the growing nanocomposites in photocurrent-generating devices, are discussed in sep. sections. Regarding the particular attention paid to the CuO heterostructure photocathodes, the PEC water splitting application is reviewed and the properties of each group such as electronic structures, defects, bandgap, and hierarchical structures are critically assessed. >> More from SciFinder ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhsVCmu77O&md5=721952926fe8472cfb625aa7f7c486945Yu, Z. Y.; Duan, Y.; Feng, X. Y.; Yu, X.; Gao, M. R.; Yu, S. H. Clean and affordable hydrogen fuel from alkaline water splitting: past, recent progress, and future prospects. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2007100 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007100 Google Scholar5Clean and Affordable Hydrogen Fuel from Alkaline Water Splitting: Past, Recent Progress, and Future ProspectsYu, Zi-You; Duan, Yu; Feng, Xing-Yu; Yu, Xingxing; Gao, Min-Rui; Yu, Shu-HongAdvanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2021), 33 (31), 2007100CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA) A review. Hydrogen economy has emerged as a very promising alternative to the current hydrocarbon economy, which involves the process of harvesting renewable energy to split water into hydrogen and oxygen and then further utilization of clean hydrogen fuel. The prodn. of hydrogen by water electrolysis is an essential prerequisite of the hydrogen economy with zero carbon emission. Among various water electrolysis technologies, alk. water splitting has been commercialized for more than 100 years, representing the most mature and economic technol. Here, the historic development of water electrolysis is overviewed, and several crit. electrochem. parameters are discussed. After that, advanced nonprecious metal electrocatalysts that emerged recently for negotiating the alk. oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are discussed, including transition metal oxides, (oxy)hydroxides, chalcogenides, phosphides, and nitrides for the OER, as well as transition metal alloys, chalcogenides, phosphides, and carbides for the HER. In this section, particular attention is paid to the catalyst synthesis, activity and stability challenges, performance improvement, and industry-relevant developments. Some recent works about scaled-up catalyst synthesis, novel electrode designs, and alk. seawater electrolysis are also spotlighted. Finally, an outlook on future challenges and opportunities for alk. water splitting is offered, and potential future directions are speculated. >> More from SciFinder ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhsVCmurfF&md5=75e3c8bca5a7439fa31964ef535f2cf86Zhang, C.; Low, J.; Xiong, Y. Integration of Green Hydrogen Production and Storage via Electrocatalysis. Precis. Chem. 2024, 2, 229– 238, DOI: 10.1021/prechem.4c00020 Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.Cited By Click to copy section linkSection link copied!This article has not yet been cited by other publications.Download PDFFiguresReferencesOpen PDF Get e-AlertsGet e-AlertsACS Materials LettersCite this: ACS Materials Lett. 2024, 6, 8, 3713–3715Click to copy citationCitation copied!https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c01387Published August 5, 2024 Publication History Received 8 July 2024Accepted 15 July 2024Published online 5 August 2024Published in issue 5 August 2024Copyright © Published 2024 by American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissionsArticle Views-Altmetric-Citations-Learn about these metrics closeArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated.Recommended Articles FiguresReferencesThis publication has no figures.References This article references 6 other publications. 1Kumar, A.; Daw, P.; Milstein, D. Homogeneous catalysis for sustainable energy: hydrogen and methanol economies, fuels from biomass, and related topics. Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 385– 441, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00412 1Homogeneous Catalysis for Sustainable Energy: Hydrogen and Methanol Economies, Fuels from Biomass, and Related TopicsKumar, Amit; Daw, Prosenjit; Milstein, DavidChemical Reviews (Washington, DC, United States) (2022), 122 (1), 385-441CODEN: CHREAY; ISSN:0009-2665. (American Chemical Society) A review. As the world pledges to significantly cut carbon emissions, the demand for sustainable and clean energy has now become more important than ever. This includes both prodn. and storage of energy carriers, a majority of which involve catalytic reactions. This article reviews recent developments of homogeneous catalysts in emerging applications of sustainable energy. The most important focus has been on hydrogen storage as several efficient homogeneous catalysts have been reported recently for (de)hydrogenative transformations promising to the hydrogen economy. Another direction that has been extensively covered in this review is that of the methanol economy. Homogeneous catalysts investigated for the prodn. of methanol from CO2, CO, and HCOOH have been discussed in detail. Moreover, catalytic processes for the prodn. of conventional fuels (higher alkanes such as diesel, wax) from biomass or lower alkanes have also been discussed. A section has also been dedicated to the prodn. of ethylene glycol from CO and H2 using homogeneous catalysts. Well-defined transition metal complexes, in particular, pincer complexes, have been discussed in more detail due to their high activity and well-studied mechanisms. >> More from SciFinder ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXitlOhur%252FL&md5=12a5fa133eafbe8b56602b447a4045132Joya, K. S.; Joya, Y. F.; Ocakoglu, K.; van de Krol, R. Water-splitting catalysis and solar fuel devices: artificial leaves on the move. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 10426– 10437, DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300136 2Water-splitting catalysis and solar fuel devices: artificial leaves on the moveJoya, Khurram Saleem; Joya, Yasir F.; Ocakoglu, Kasim; van de Krol, RoelAngewandte Chemie, International Edition (2013), 52 (40), 10426-10437CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA) Review. The development of new energy materials that can be utilized to make renewable and clean fuels from abundant and easily accessible resources is among the most challenging and demanding tasks in science today. Solar-powered catalytic water-splitting processes can be exploited as a source of electrons and protons to make clean renewable fuels, such as hydrogen, and in the sequestration of CO2 and its conversion into low-carbon energy carriers. Recently, there have been tremendous efforts to build up a stand-alone solar-to-fuel conversion device, the "artificial leaf", using light and water as raw materials. An overview of the recent progress in electrochem. and photo-electrocatalytic water splitting devices is presented, using both mol. water oxidn. complexes (WOCs) and nano-structured assemblies to develop an artificial photosynthetic system. >> More from SciFinder ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhtlShsbvN&md5=cea4e8a17ce155718028d47552f44bca3Wang, Q.; Domen, K. Particulate photocatalysts for light-driven water splitting: mechanisms, challenges, and design strategies. Chem. Rev. 2020, 120, 919– 985, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00201 3Particulate Photocatalysts for Light-Driven Water Splitting: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Design StrategiesWang, Qian; Domen, KazunariChemical Reviews (Washington, DC, United States) (2020), 120 (2), 919-985CODEN: CHREAY; ISSN:0009-2665. (American Chemical Society) A review. Solar-driven water splitting provides a leading approach to store the abundant yet intermittent solar energy and produce hydrogen as a clean and sustainable energy carrier. A straightforward route to light-driven water splitting is to apply self-supported particulate photocatalysts, which is expected to allow solar hydrogen to be competitive with fossil-fuel-derived hydrogen on a levelized cost basis. More importantly, the powder-based systems can lend themselves to making functional panels on a large scale while retaining the intrinsic activity of the photocatalyst. However, all attempts to generate hydrogen via powder-based solar water-splitting systems to date have unfortunately fallen short of the efficiency values required for practical applications. Photocatalysis on photocatalyst particles involves three sequential steps, absorption of photons with higher energies than the bandgap of the photocatalysts, leading to the excitation of electron-hole pairs in the particles, charge sepn. and migration of these photoexcited carriers, and surface chem. reactions based on these carriers. In this review, the focus is on the challenges of each step and summarize material design strategies to overcome the obstacles and limitations. This review illustrates that it is possible to employ the fundamental principles underlying photosynthesis and the tools of chem. and materials science to design and prep. photocatalysts for overall water splitting. >> More from SciFinder ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhsFaqtLzI&md5=a5610cb48ebce0f099d0ab1929b9d32e4Siavash Moakhar, R.; Hosseini-Hosseinabad, S. M.; Masudy-Panah, S.; Seza, A.; Jalali, M.; Fallah-Arani, H.; Dabir, F.; Gholipour, S.; Abdi, Y.; Bagheri-Hariri, M.; Riahi-Noori, N.; Lim, Y.-F.; Hagfeldt, A.; Saliba, M. Photoelectrochemical water-splitting using CuO-based electrodes for hydrogen production: a review. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2007285 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007285 4Photoelectrochemical Water-Splitting Using CuO-Based Electrodes for Hydrogen Production: A ReviewSiavash Moakhar, Roozbeh; Hosseini-Hosseinabad, Seyed Morteza; Masudy-Panah, Saeid; Seza, Ashkan; Jalali, Mahsa; Fallah-Arani, Hesam; Dabir, Fatemeh; Gholipour, Somayeh; Abdi, Yaser; Bagheri-Hariri, Mohiedin; Riahi-Noori, Nastaran; Lim, Yee-Fun; Hagfeldt, Anders; Saliba, MichaelAdvanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2021), 33 (33), 2007285CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA) A review. The cost-effective, robust, and efficient electrocatalysts for photoelectrochem. (PEC) water-splitting has been extensively studied over the past decade to address a soln. for the energy crisis. The interesting physicochem. properties of CuO have introduced this promising photocathodic material among the few photocatalysts with a narrow bandgap. This photocatalyst has a high activity for the PEC hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under simulated sunlight irradn. Here, the recent advancements of CuO-based photoelectrodes, including undoped CuO, doped CuO, and CuO composites, in the PEC water-splitting field, are comprehensively studied. Moreover, the synthesis methods, characterization, and fundamental factors of each classification are discussed in detail. Apart from the exclusive characteristics of CuO-based photoelectrodes, the PEC properties of CuO/2D materials, as groups of the growing nanocomposites in photocurrent-generating devices, are discussed in sep. sections. Regarding the particular attention paid to the CuO heterostructure photocathodes, the PEC water splitting application is reviewed and the properties of each group such as electronic structures, defects, bandgap, and hierarchical structures are critically assessed. >> More from SciFinder ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhsVCmu77O&md5=721952926fe8472cfb625aa7f7c486945Yu, Z. Y.; Duan, Y.; Feng, X. Y.; Yu, X.; Gao, M. R.; Yu, S. H. Clean and affordable hydrogen fuel from alkaline water splitting: past, recent progress, and future prospects. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2007100 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007100 5Clean and Affordable Hydrogen Fuel from Alkaline Water Splitting: Past, Recent Progress, and Future ProspectsYu, Zi-You; Duan, Yu; Feng, Xing-Yu; Yu, Xingxing; Gao, Min-Rui; Yu, Shu-HongAdvanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2021), 33 (31), 2007100CODEN: ADVMEW; ISSN:0935-9648. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA) A review. Hydrogen economy has emerged as a very promising alternative to the current hydrocarbon economy, which involves the process of harvesting renewable energy to split water into hydrogen and oxygen and then further utilization of clean hydrogen fuel. The prodn. of hydrogen by water electrolysis is an essential prerequisite of the hydrogen economy with zero carbon emission. Among various water electrolysis technologies, alk. water splitting has been commercialized for more than 100 years, representing the most mature and economic technol. Here, the historic development of water electrolysis is overviewed, and several crit. electrochem. parameters are discussed. After that, advanced nonprecious metal electrocatalysts that emerged recently for negotiating the alk. oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are discussed, including transition metal oxides, (oxy)hydroxides, chalcogenides, phosphides, and nitrides for the OER, as well as transition metal alloys, chalcogenides, phosphides, and carbides for the HER. In this section, particular attention is paid to the catalyst synthesis, activity and stability challenges, performance improvement, and industry-relevant developments. Some recent works about scaled-up catalyst synthesis, novel electrode designs, and alk. seawater electrolysis are also spotlighted. Finally, an outlook on future challenges and opportunities for alk. water splitting is offered, and potential future directions are speculated. >> More from SciFinder ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhsVCmurfF&md5=75e3c8bca5a7439fa31964ef535f2cf86Zhang, C.; Low, J.; Xiong, Y. Integration of Green Hydrogen Production and Storage via Electrocatalysis. Precis. Chem. 2024, 2, 229– 238, DOI: 10.1021/prechem.4c00020 There is no corresponding record for this reference.
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