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Autobiography of Gregory A. Voth

2024; American Chemical Society; Volume: 128; Issue: 32 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c04454

1520-6106

Gregory A. Voth,

Microfluidic and Capillary Electrophoresis Applications

InfoMetricsFiguresRef.SI The Journal of Physical Chemistry BVol 128/Issue 32Article This publication is free to access through this site. Learn More CiteCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore citation options ShareShare onFacebookX (Twitter)WeChatLinkedInRedditEmailJump toExpandCollapse Special Issue PrefaceAugust 15, 2024Autobiography of Gregory A. VothClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!Gregory A. Voth*Gregory A. VothDepartment of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States*Email: [email protected]More by Gregory A. Vothhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3267-6748Open PDFSupporting Information (3)The Journal of Physical Chemistry BCite this: J. Phys. Chem. B 2024, 128, 32, 7707–7711Click to copy citationCitation copied!https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c04454https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c04454Published August 15, 2024 Publication History Received 3 July 2024Published online 15 August 2024Published in issue 15 August 2024introductionCopyright © Published 2024 by American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissionsThis publication is licensed for personal use by The American Chemical Society. ACS PublicationsCopyright © Published 2024 by American Chemical SocietySubjectswhat are subjectsArticle subjects are automatically applied from the ACS Subject Taxonomy and describe the scientific concepts and themes of the article.BiophysicsCharge transferMolecular dynamicsStudentsTheoretical and computational chemistrySpecial IssuePublished as part of The Journal of Physical Chemistry B virtual special issue "Gregory A. Voth Festschrift".In so many ways, it is really hard to believe that I have reached 65 years old and that so much of my career (and life) is now behind me. I really must say up front how deeply grateful I am to the many superb scientists who have contributed to this Festschrift in honor of my 65th birthday. I am truly flattered by their show of support. The same holds true of the 65th birthday honorary symposium held at the American Chemical Society Spring National Meeting in New Orleans in March of this year. I have had a great career, filled with wonderful students and postdocs and superb collaborators. Together I think we made quite a few important and, I hope, lasting scientific advances. In this autobiography I want to touch on the experiences in my life, both personal and professional, that have served to shape me as a scientist (and as a person in many ways). If I happen to leave out any important aspects of my story, I apologize up front. For those of you who read this autobiography, I will mainly touch on some of the really key experiences in my life, but I hope your main focus will be on the many wonderful papers published in this special Festschrift issue!Early LifeClick to copy section linkSection link copied!I was born in Topeka, Kansas. It was a very nice Midwestern town to grow up in. My father was a physician and my mother a stay-at-home mom. I was incredibly lucky to have these parents. They had both been born during the Great Depression and spent their early years challenged by those circumstances and then World War II. They both were part of the "Greatest Generation". Both of my parents had lost one of their own parents when they were very young (less than ten years old). My father lost his mother, and my mother lost her father. As a result of this─and no doubt as a result of the times they grew up in─for my parents, their family, including loyalty to their family members and especially their children, meant everything. They had known all too well what it felt like to not have a family complete with two dedicated parents.Throughout my early years I can recall that my father was a constant source of support, loyalty, and unconditional love. He was exceptionally proud of things I would do and tell me so often. He also always would help to build my courage and confidence. As an example, when I became involved in athletics (football, basketball, and track) he would always be at the games and often even at the practices after school. He would tell me, "Just remember, Greg, your whole family is with you on that field." My mother too was always there, supporting me in my schoolwork and with my teachers. I sometimes recall that feeling I had every day waiting for her to pick me up at school, like clockwork, and how much it meant to have that degree of constant and reliable parenting in my life.The reasons I mention these things above are twofold. First, in my personal and professional life I've tried to emulate as much as possible the degree of support and loyalty shown to me by my parents, to my own children of course but also to my professional "children", i.e., the many (200+) graduate students and postdocs that I have had in my group over the years. Second, I think that in many ways quite a few of the scientific efforts I have undertaken have required considerable courage as many of them were entirely new directions for me to take. One very good example is in biophysics, where I really had no background or core understanding of biology when I started out in that area. It took no small amount of courage to go in that direction, but I did do it and I think it can be argued that we have been very successful at it.Another key aspect of my early life was the support my father gave me for what he saw as my creativity. He would see creative elements in many things I would do and celebrate them openly. Whether it was in the way I played little games or later in life in my schoolwork, etc. One episode stands out to me above many others. One time as a small boy in Colorado near our summer home in the mountains, I made a number of intricate designs with the various colored mosses from a mountain stream. Somehow my father saw something very creative in what I had done and praised me for it considerably. Later, as a teenager, I became rebellious and difficult as many teenagers do. For some reason, my father out of the blue gave me a little book called 30 Years That Shook Physics: The Story of Quantum Physics, by George Gamow. That book really captured my imagination but, more importantly, showed me (a rebellious teenager seeking "meaning" in life) that an individual, such as those great physicists, could have enormous and lasting impact on humanity. My dad saw the impact that book had had on me and followed up with other books. There was one I recall on Dirac that emphasized his degree of courage in his scientific pursuits, especially in the discovery of antimatter from his equation, in which Dirac believed in his equation (and himself) rather than concluding it was just a sign error. During my high school years, I also remember my chemistry teacher, Mr. Elmborg, who recognized that I was very far ahead of the class and let me instead go into a back room and do chemistry experiments instead of listening to his lectures, because he knew I had already studied the class text extensively. I think these early experiences in my life, and the support given to me by the adults around me, contributed greatly to how things turned out for me in the end as a scientist.Undergraduate Years: The University of KansasClick to copy section linkSection link copied!As is often the case for high school students in Kansas, many of them go to either the University of Kansas (KU) or Kansas State University, or a host of smaller colleges. I was no exception. Lawrence, KS, where KU is located was just 25 miles from my home and easy to attend. I truly enjoyed my experience there, both educationally and socially. Lawrence is a quintessential "college town". It was at KU where I also began to appreciate my own aptitude in math, as I took the advanced calculus pathway "for scientists and engineers", as well as chemistry, physics, and computer programming (back then it was Fortran 4 with card decks you would submit to be run on the mainframe!). In my freshman year, though, I thought I wanted to be a chemical engineer because it seemed to lead to a better career path in terms of getting a good job. However, the Chem E introductory class turned me off to that idea. While I found designing chemical plants (mass and energy flow, etc.) to be interesting, I was still very drawn to the study of more fundamental concepts─an interest that had started in high school as described earlier. At KU, the Chem Department seemed to be rather stronger than the Physics Department, so I gravitated to majoring in chemistry with a B.S. degree. Going into my junior year I was still wrestling with the choice between a career in science and one in medicine, given that I came from a family with a father and older brother who were physicians. I therefore decided to "test myself" going into my junior year. I took a year of P-chem, three advanced math classes, and a class in modern physics. I figured if I could do well in those classes under that kind of collective pressure than maybe I was cut out to be a scientist (and a theorist at that). As it turns out, I finished at or near the top of the class on all of those classes so the die was cast for me to pursue a career in science, i.e., chemistry. About that time, I encountered Professor Shih-I Chu who was a theorist in the Chem department and started to do undergraduate research with him. I recall he worked on very difficult quantum scattering problems using concepts I had not yet been introduced to, but he also worked on multiphoton excitations of molecules in intense laser fields. I thus learned Floquet theory and developed a code to calculate multiphoton absorption probabilities. It was a great experience.Graduate School: UCLA and Caltech YearsClick to copy section linkSection link copied!Professor Chu at KU counseled me to apply to a number of top graduate programs, but one standout scientist at the time was Rick Heller at UCLA. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Rick was, in my opinion, one of the premier creative forces in the field of theoretical chemistry. I was drawn to his group. Unfortunately, when I arrived at UCLA in August of 1981, I was promptly told that Rick was leaving there and taking a staff position in the legendary T-12 theory group at Los Alamos National Lab. That was quite a surprise! To their credit the UCLA Chem Dept tried to arrange that I would get a UCLA Ph.D. but work remotely at LANL with Rick. However, my soon to be wife at the time had moved to L.A. also and was going to be a teacher, and there was no good option for her in Los Alamos. This situation presented a significant dilemma, but my father (in his usual supportive way) encouraged me to contact Caltech and to see if a transfer was possible. I was very timid about doing this as I figured their grad class was full, but my father kept up at his encouragement. I finally agreed to contact Rudy Marcus and set up an appointment. The rest is history, really, as Rudy reached out to Ahmed Zewail (who had headed the grad admissions there I think), and they agreed to take me into the incoming graduate class of Fall 1982. I was so grateful for this! I then spent the remainder of that 1981–82 year at UCLA taking a number of valuable classes in quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, etc.When I started my grad career at Caltech in 1982, I was immediately struck by the exceptionally high quality but intimate and "small" character of the institution. As a grad student you felt an immediate sense of belonging and pride at being a part of that place. Rudy's group was rather small (I think two grads and two or three postdocs and a visitor), and they were all very welcoming to me. I was able to waive most of the graduate coursework requirement because I had taken the equivalent at UCLA already, which freed me up in my first year to take a number of more advanced classes, mainly in the physics department at Caltech. That department was of course legendary, and Richard Feynman was still alive at the time (along with several other Nobel Laureates like William Fowler and Murray Gell-Mann). It was an amazing experience to hear Feynman lecture (or even to just ask questions at a seminar).I started out at Caltech as a joint graduate student between Rudy Marcus and Ahmed Zewail, but that only lasted about six months to a year as I always was wanting to do more fundamental work than interpreting spectra. Rudy, to his credit, took me on full time despite the political "discomfort" it might have caused at the time. In the end, Ahmed was good about it too and was always a strong supporter of mine. He would always call out to me in the hallway "Hello Professor" when he would see me. I guess he felt that was my destiny.I truly loved Caltech (and still do). I made great friends there and had so much fun doing (largely my own) research. Rudy was very busy and so did not have a lot of time for mentorship and direction, which was fine with me as I've always been pretty independent. He did hand down to me a number of great values, one of which is basically that all the fancy theory in the world is not worth much if an experimentalist cannot measure and confirm it (I note that Feynman felt the same way the best I can tell). Of the 11 papers I authored or coauthored as a grad student at Caltech, 4 of them were sole authored by me without Rudy on them, even though I had offered him to be included of course, which he declined.As my grad career came to an end at Caltech, I began to worry that the reason Rudy did not want his name on the four papers I had written alone was that he thought they were no good and he did not want his name associated with them. On graduation day, however, I then found out that I had been awarded the Clauser Doctoral Prize at Caltech for the top graduating Ph.D. thesis from the institution (and that Rudy had nominated me for it!). It was a tremendous honor and of course put to rest any concern about not doing good enough research.In the final months at Caltech, it came time to apply for a postdoc position. Rudy encouraged me to do it in a serial fashion rather than in parallel. He felt certain I would get a good position and so did not want me to offend anyone by turning them down. I mostly took his advice by applying to UC Berkeley (David Chandler) and to Columbia (Bruce Berne) but not to other positions during that first round of applications. David brought in Bill Miller (a great thing for me!) and nominated me for both a Miller Fellowship and an IBM Fellowship there (I received the latter). Bruce offered me a postdoc position too. In the end I went to Berkeley even though it was a very tough choice, as I had studied the work of the Berne group quite a bit and was very impressed by it. I think what made me make the choice I did in the end was that Berkeley seemed "easier" in terms of living as my wife and I were already in California. Moving to NYC seemed like going to the end of the planet somehow. As it turned out, Berkeley was a great choice, but I've also had many, many wonderful interactions with Bruce over the years. In fact, he has been an informal mentor to me in many ways.I have to also admit that one of my long-time career goals was to be a faculty member at Caltech. Over the years I tried to express interest, but it never seemed to gain any traction. If I have any regret about my professional life, it would be that this goal never came to pass.Postdoc Years: UC BerkeleyClick to copy section linkSection link copied!Moving to Berkeley from Caltech was a big change. Berkeley was clearly an excellent place but huge (!) compared to what I was used to at Caltech. Yet, David and Bill and their groups were very welcoming and I quickly started to feel at home. It was at Berkeley where I also started to study stat mech more seriously, especially Feynman path integrals. During that time in the late 1980s there was also a rich environment in theoretical chemistry exploring the consequences of the dynamical condensed phase environment on reaction kinetics (both atom transfer and electron and/or proton transfer). The important Grote–Hynes theory had been formulated in 1980 and went beyond the famous Kramers theory of the 1940s. There was great interest in also extending these ideas to the realm of electron transfer and to find a theory that could correctly bridge the adiabatic and nonadiabatic limits. David thus gave me a related problem to work on. In typical electron transfer theory, one has a two-state quantum variable (the electron in reactant and product states) and a harmonic (linearly responding) "bath". One integrates out the bath to get an influence functional that modifies the electronic variable dynamics via fluctuation–dissipation. David suggested that I do it the other way around by somehow integrating out the electronic degree of freedom so it then "acts" on the harmonic coordinates, that may represent the energy gap or solvent polarization variable. The problem is that the electronic degree of freedom is discrete so even if you use something like the Hubbard–Stratonovich transformation to convert it to a continuous variable it is going to be bistable (double-well-like) and thus there is no good way to treat that electronic degree of freedom analytically. As it turned out the problem David suggested to me was intractable, and I became depressed. I felt like my postdoc research was going nowhere for the first year and I was headed for failure after the really good stint at Caltech as a grad student.After about the first year at Berkeley David also showed me an intriguing paper by Mike Gillan on how imaginary time Feynman path integrals and the "centroid" of their periodic paths might fit into quantum activated (reaction) rate theory. This was a lifesaver for me! I immediately jumped on this idea, and working with both David and Bill, we formulated a paper that provided a more complete framework. It was perhaps the first viable overall quantum transition state theory idea that was also imminently "calculable" for even very complex condensed phase environments. This work was certainly a "career launcher", although I had already gotten a faculty job at Penn in the first few months of my postdoc (see below).The Berkeley years were some of the best I've had in my life. The science and friendships I made (notably with Nancy Makri but with others too) were wonderful. Above all, being able to interact with Bill Miller and David Chandler was a great blessing. David sadly passed away all too early after a long battle with cancer, but Bill has remained a mentor, role model, and friend throughout my career. I also learned to allow a little time in my life to enjoy the outdoors more, and California had so much to offer in that regard (hence the later allure of Utah; see below).The Penn YearsClick to copy section linkSection link copied!I had been fortunate that I got a faculty job at Penn right out of grad school in fall 1987 and they then let me go do my entire two-year postdoc at Berkeley. It was an exciting time at Penn as they were hiring excellent young faculty to add to the likes of Mike Klein and Robin Hochstrasser. Both were great scientists (among others there) and provided invaluable advice and mentorship. The other young faculty hired in the cohort along with me were David Christianson (still at Penn), Tim Swager (moved to MIT some years ago), Mike Therien (moved to Duke), and Norbert Scherer (my colleague now at Chicago).On my first day at Penn, I put on a sport jacket and tie and dressed well, as I knew it was an Ivy League school so assumed this was the kind of dress I needed. I then took the commuter train to 30th Street Station and started to walk to Penn from there. It was raining hard (something I had not been used to much after seven years in California), but I had a nice umbrella. Then, a large city bus came along and hit a big water puddle. It deluged me with what seemed like a tidal wave wall of water. I was completely drenched. I went into the Penn main Chem Dept office and met the Vice Chair, George Palladino (a very kind and good person). He looked at me, laughed, and said "why don't you just go home today?".While that was a tough start to the Penn faculty job, the years there were ones of rapid growth of my group and its scientific broadening. My two oldest children were also born then...a true blessing. Among the many strong group members I had at Penn, there was Jianshu Cao. He came to me with his Ph.D. from the Berne group at Columbia. When I was deciding whether to hire Jianshu, Bruce sent me just a one-line recommendation by email: "This is the best favor I could ever do you". Jianshu was a remarkable postdoc in many ways, and one day I posed the question to him about these imaginary time Feynman path integral centroids (that had been so valuable in the quantum transition state theory context): "Do you suppose these centroids could have any real quantum dynamical meaning?" Indeed, they did! Jianshu and I then invented the "Centroid Molecular Dynamics" (CMD) method which I think was the first approximate quantum dynamics approach that could treat complex condensed phase systems. We published a series of papers on the approach that have gone on to be widely cited and helped to spawn similar ideas such as Ring Polymer Molecular Dynamics (RPMD). At Penn I also began to be interested in molecular biophysics, including proton transfer and transport. The Penn years, through getting tenure and various promotions, were great years for me. There was lots of growth and evolution as a scientist. Yet, the memories of the West (California and Colorado from my boyhood vacation home there) were always with me too.The Utah YearsClick to copy section linkSection link copied!I met Jack Simons at some point early on in my career. I cannot remember exactly when, but I think it was when I was a postdoc. I also recall seeing Jack bring his Utah grad students by van to West Coast Theoretical Chemistry conferences when I was a grad student at Caltech. Either way, I had the most positive impression of this intelligent, attentive, warm, and supportive man. He also always seemed to have a great mental overview of the field of theoretical chemistry, i.e., where things were going and where they were not, and who was doing something significant in that vein. Jack recognized at some point when I was an assistant professor at Penn that I loved the Western U.S. and especially the mountains. Jack gently "worked on me", and at the proper time he and his colleagues at the University of Utah decided to try to hire me there. I enjoyed very much meeting all of them and especially spending time with Jack. I recall that he invited me to spend the weekend at the cabin he and his wife Peg owned on the north slopes of the Uinta Mountains. We had a lovely weekend (I think it was in autumn), and at one point while having a nice steak dinner and some red wine on his cabin deck a huge bull moose sauntered by within maybe 50 feet or so. It was an amazing experience for me. So, we were increasingly sold on the idea of moving to the U of U, especially because they wanted me to build up a new Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry. I also discovered that my family could live in or near Park City and I could pretty easily commute to the U of U for work. So, having a "real job" and living in a ski resort was pretty alluring to be honest!In moving to Utah in 1996, I do not think a lot of senior people in my field thought it was a great idea for me to leave an Ivy League school like Penn for Utah. However, to this day I do not know if those people understand how much the lifestyle there in Utah appealed to me, with two young kids and a lifelong love of the mountains. I also saw the move as basically lateral; Utah had been a place where none other than Henry Eyring (and Jack Simons!) had worked, and I had a chance to build up a program there. So, the move was a done deal.The years in Utah were amazing years scientifically. I cannot list all of the superb postdocs and grad students that I had there for fear of omitting credit to any one of them, but I think they are all well-known and are included in my attached list of colleagues. So many new ideas and directions were started at Utah. We developed new ideas for multiscale theory and simulation, formulated "bottom-up" coarse-graining, developed ways to study proton transport in liquids and proteins, began new directions in the study of membranes and membrane proteins, and did some of the first simulations of room temperature ionic liquids, leading to the discovery of some of their very unique and heterogeneous properties (later confirmed experimentally). We also predicted that the hydrated excess proton (aka "hydronium") has an affinity for water–air and water–oil interfaces─a pretty remarkable prediction also later confirmed experimentally.It was a period of fearless development of new ideas. As one example, I recall when Gary Ayton first came to work with me as a postdoc. Gary, who decided to stay in Utah rather than move with me to Chicago from the place he loves, is one of the most creative young scientists I have ever known, especially in the development of novel simulations and simulation tools; he was like part scientist and part artist at times in terms of his creativity! On the first day that I met Gary I said to him "I think this multiscale theory and simulation business is very important and we should do it. I think it seems ideal for treating lipid bilayers so let's do that as a start." Gary then said "Cool, let's do it" and next "What's a lipid bilayer?" So we charged ahead. Gary went on to do beautiful, ground-breaking work with me that was far ahead of its time. Some of it was so far ahead that I see some papers come out now, 20 years later, that seem to not even be aware of it. This attitude of Gary's, of fearless optimism to do something new, permeated all of the members of my group during those years in Utah and it was a truly great time.I feel happy too that I helped Utah to grow in theoretical chemistry and among other things was able to "find" (meaning identify and push for the hiring of) Valeria Molinero, who, it goes without saying, has done very well at Utah and become a fixture and leader there.The Chicago Years and to the PresentClick to copy section linkSection link copied!They say all good things must come to an end, and so my years in Utah did too. I always had the hidden desire to be on a faculty at one of the very top theoretical chemistry programs and I was also becoming discontent that the administration at Utah was not investing enough in experimental molecular biophysics hiring, which was very important to my group's rapidly growing effort in that area. So, I started "looking". There was interest at CU Boulder, where my lifestyle could be retained while being at a good place, and at Yale, which seemed to have a clear need for someone like me. However, in both cases something derailed it (like competing hiring priorities). However, I was also extremely fortunate that the University of Chicago started to look for a senior theorist. The great John Light, Steve Berry, and Stuart Rice had all gone to emeritus status, leaving a big hole in a legendary theoretical chemistry program. While there were also competing interests at Chicago and a terrible financial crash in 2008, my supporters on the faculty there carried the day and I moved to Chicago in July 2010. As much as I valued this move to such a great place, I have to be honest that it was not at all easy for me to leave the lifestyle in Utah and the good colleagues I had in the Chem Dept there.Having said that, the past 14 years at Chicago have again been remarkable. The quality of the grad students and postdocs I've had has been just superb. We have also again pursued new and exciting methods and ideas, such as "ultra" coarse-graining, multiscale reactive molecular dynamics, new studies of very complex biomolecular systems, such as cytoskeleton filaments, membrane remodeling by proteins, and virus assembly. The U of C is also a very intellectually rich environment for me with, for example, the James Franck Institute and the Institute for Biophysical Dynamics. I've also done quite a few rewarding things in the field and for the field, as can be seen from my vitae. I've been fortunate to be recognized by awards, etc., on various occasions, for which I am very thankful. There have been some disappointments too, which is a shame, but one has to try to look beyond such things.However, I must also add that during my first five years at UChicago my two youngest children were born and that was (and remains) a true blessing and the most important thing to me.The FutureClick to copy section linkSection link copied!This Festschrift celebrates my 65th year. At this age, change becomes inevitable whether you like it or not. While I feel that my group and I are still at the top of our game, I can see in future years the focusing of my effort more on the research I enjoy the most. This will include building new collaborations to "spread out" our efforts and to hopefully leave a mark on the people we work with so they can inherit some of our methods, our standards, and our values. My field is changing too. Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning is now everywhere and growing, including its interface with statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics. I have to confess that I'm not yet completely sure I like all of it nor convinced of its long-lasting impact in solving "real" problems. We shall see. However, I also note that our widely recognized bottom-up coarse-graining ideas of ∼20 years ago were an early form of machine learning!The field of theoretical chemistry is thriving and growing. It continues to attract very smart and dedicated young theorists who forge ahead to pioneer new ideas. I am very proud to have "populated" a pretty large fraction of the field through those of my 200+ students and postdocs who have gone to academia. I am really proud of them all, academia or otherwise. On balance, I think the future of the field is very bright.So, as I look to my own future, I'll conclude by saying that nothing is more important to me than my four wonderful children and my two brothers. They will be my primary focus in my remaining years, but I will continue to enjoy doing some science along the way!Supporting InformationClick to copy section linkSection link copied!The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c04454.Colleagues of Gregory A. Voth (PDF)Publications of Gregory A. Voth (PDF)CV of Gregory A. Voth (PDF)jp4c04454_si_001.pdf (77.2 kb)jp4c04454_si_002.pdf (519.04 kb)jp4c04454_si_003.pdf (214.24 kb) Terms & Conditions Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html. Author InformationClick to copy section linkSection link copied!Corresponding AuthorGregory A. Voth - Department of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3267-6748; Email: [email protected]NotesViews expressed in this preface are those of the author and not necessarily the views of the ACS.Cited By Click to copy section linkSection link copied!This article has not yet been cited by other publications.Download PDFFiguresReferencesSupporting InformationOpen PDF Get e-AlertsGet e-AlertsThe Journal of Physical Chemistry BCite this: J. Phys. Chem. B 2024, 128, 32, 7707–7711Click to copy citationCitation copied!https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c04454Published August 15, 2024 Publication History Received 3 July 2024Published online 15 August 2024Published in issue 15 August 2024Copyright © Published 2024 by American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. 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Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated.Recommended Articles FiguresReferencesSupporting InfoThis publication has no figures.This publication has no References.Supporting InformationSupporting InformationThe Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c04454.Colleagues of Gregory A. Voth (PDF)Publications of Gregory A. Voth (PDF)CV of Gregory A. Voth (PDF)jp4c04454_si_001.pdf (77.2 kb)jp4c04454_si_002.pdf (519.04 kb)jp4c04454_si_003.pdf (214.24 kb) Terms & Conditions Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.