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Floodplain forests drive fruit-eating fish diversity at the Amazon Basin-scale

2025; National Academy of Sciences; Volume: 122; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês

10.1073/pnas.2414416122

1091-6490

Sandra Bibiana Correa, Karold V. Coronado-Franco, Céline Jézéquel, Amanda Cantarute Rodrigues, Kristine O. Evans, Joshua J. Granger, Hans ter Steege, Iêda Leão do Amaral, Luiz de Souza Coêlho, Florian Wittmann, Francisca Dionízia de Almeida Matos, Diógenes de Andrade Lima Filho, Rafael P. Salomão, Carolina V. Castilho, Juan Ernesto Guevara, Marcelo de Jesus Veiga Carim, Oliver L. Phillips, Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade, Layon Oreste Demarchi, Jochen Schöngart, Juan David Cardenas Revilla, Maria Pires Martins, Mariana Victória Irume, José Renan da Silva Guimarães, José Ferreira Ramos, Adriano Costa Quaresma, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Bruno Garcia Luize, Evlyn Márcia Leão de Moraes Novo, Eduardo Martins Venticinque, Thiago Sanna Freire Silva, Percy Núñez Vargas, Ângelo Gilberto Manzatto, Neidiane Farias Costa Reis, John Terborgh, Katia Regina Casula, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Juan Carlos Montero, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, Ted R. Feldpausch, Flávia Machado Durgante, Nicolás Castaño Arboleda, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Ben Hur Marimon, Timothy J. Killeen, Rodolfo Vásquez, Bonifacio Mostacedo, Rafael L. Assis, Dário Dantas do Amaral, John Ethan Householder, Marcelo Fragomeni Simon, Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros, Helder Lima de Queiroz, Maria Aparecida Lopes, José Leonardo Lima Magalhães, Pablo R. Stevenson, Bruno Barçante Ladvocat Cintra, Alejandro Araujo‐Murakami, Timothy R. Baker, Yuri Oliveira Feitosa, Hugo F. Mogollón, Joost F. Duivenvoorden, Leandro Valle Ferreira, José Júlio de Toledo, James A. Comiskey, Aline Lopes, Gabriel Damasco, Alberto Vicentini, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Vitor H. F. Gomes, Alfonso Alonso, Francisco Dallmeier, Daniel P. P. de Aguiar, Rogério Gribel, Juan Carlos Licona, Boris Eduardo Villa Zegarra, Marcelino Carneiro Guedes, Carlos Cerón, Raquel Thomas, William Milliken, Wegliane Campelo Silva, Bianca Weiss Albuquerque, Bente Klitgaard, J. Sebastián Tello, A C., Gonzalo Rivas‐Torres, Juan Fernando Phillips, Patricio von Hildebrand, Therany Gonzales, César I. A. Vela, Bruce Hoffman, Bernardo M. Flores, Maihyra Marina Pombo, Maira Rocha, Milena Holmgren, Ángela Cano, Maria Natalia Umaña, Luisa Fernanda Casas, Henrik Balslev, Ligia Estela Urrego Giraldo, Rémy Bigorne, Thierry Oberdorff, Javier A. Maldonado‐Ocampo, Hernán Ortega, Max Hidalgo, Koen Martens, Gislene Torrente‐Vilara, Jansen Zuanon, Astrid Acosta, Edwin Agudelo Córdoba, Soraya Barrera Maure, Douglas Aviz Bastos, Juan David Bogotá-Gregory, Fernando G. Cabeceira, André L. Colares Canto, Fernando M. Carvajal‐Vallejos, Lucélia Nobre Carvalho, Ariana Cella‐Ribeiro, Raphaël Covain, Murilo S. Dias, Carlos DoNascimiento, Carolina Rodrigues da Costa Dória, Cleber Duarte, Efrem Ferreira, André V. Galuch, Tommaso Giarrizzo, Rafael P. Leitão, John G. Lundberg, Mabel Maldonado, José Iván Mojica, Luciano Fogaça de Assis Montag, Willian Massaharu Ohara, Tiago Henrique da Silva Pires, Marc Pouilly, Saúl Prada-Pedreros, Luiz Jardim de Queiroz, Lúcia Helena Rapp Py‐Daniel, Frank Raynner Vasconcelos Ribeiro, Raúl Ríos Herrera, Marcelo Rodrigues dos Anjos, Igor Hister Lourenço, Jaime Sarmiento, Leandro Melo de Sousa, Lis F. Stegmann, Jonathan Valdiviezo‐Rivera, Francisco Villa, Takayuki Yunoki, Pablo A. Tedesco,

Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management

Unlike most rivers globally, nearly all lowland Amazonian rivers have unregulated flow, supporting seasonally flooded floodplain forests. Floodplain forests harbor a unique tree species assemblage adapted to flooding and specialized fauna, including fruit-eating fish that migrate seasonally into floodplains, favoring expansive floodplain areas. Frugivorous fish are forest-dependent fauna critical to forest regeneration via seed dispersal and support commercial and artisanal fisheries. We implemented linear mixed effects models to investigate drivers of species richness among specialized frugivorous fishes across the ~6,000,000 km2 Amazon Basin, analyzing 29 species from 9 families (10,058 occurrences). Floodplain predictors per subbasin included floodplain forest extent, tree species richness (309,540 occurrences for 2,506 species), water biogeochemistry, flood duration, and elevation, with river order controlling for longitudinal positioning along the river network. We observed heterogeneous patterns of frugivorous fish species richness, which were positively correlated with floodplain forest extent, tree species richness, and flood duration. The natural hydrological regime facilitates fish access to flooded forests and controls fruit production. Thus, the ability of Amazonian floodplain ecosystems to support frugivorous fish assemblages hinges on extensive and diverse seasonally flooded forests. Given the low functional redundancy in fish seed dispersal networks, diverse frugivorous fish assemblages disperse and maintain diverse forests; vice versa, diverse forests maintain more fish species, underscoring the critically important taxonomic interdependencies that embody Amazonian ecosystems. Effective management strategies must acknowledge that access to diverse and hydrologically functional floodplain forests is essential to ensure the long-term survival of frugivorous fish and, in turn, the long-term sustainability of floodplain forests.