Autobiography of Richard J. Saykally
2025; American Chemical Society; Volume: 129; Issue: 3 Linguagem: Inglês
10.1021/acs.jpca.4c08426
ISSN1520-5215
Autores Tópico(s)Quantum, superfluid, helium dynamics
ResumoInfoMetricsFiguresRef.SI The Journal of Physical Chemistry AVol 129/Issue 3Article This publication is free to access through this site. Learn More CiteCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore citation options ShareShare onFacebookX (Twitter)WeChatLinkedInRedditEmailJump toExpandCollapse Special Issue PrefaceJanuary 23, 2025Autobiography of Richard J. SaykallyClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!Richard J. Saykally*Richard J. SaykallyDepartment of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United StatesChemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, United States*[email protected]More by Richard J. Saykallyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8942-3656Open PDFSupporting Information (3)The Journal of Physical Chemistry ACite this: J. Phys. Chem. A 2025, 129, 3, 645–649Click to copy citationCitation copied!https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpca.4c08426https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.4c08426Published January 23, 2025 Publication History Received 12 December 2024Published online 23 January 2025Published in issue 23 January 2025introductionCopyright © Published 2025 by American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissionsThis publication is licensed for personal use by The American Chemical Society. ACS PublicationsCopyright © Published 2025 by American Chemical SocietySubjectswhat are subjectsArticle subjects are automatically applied from the ACS Subject Taxonomy and describe the scientific concepts and themes of the article.InterfacesIonsLasersOligomersStudentsSpecial IssuePublished as part of The Journal of Physical Chemistry A special issue "Richard J. Saykally Festschrift"."Growing up as the son of a widowed grocery store owner and former schoolteacher in rural northern Wisconsin, Richard James Saykally boasts that he was the smartest kid in his grade school class... because the other guy could never get past long division!" This quip, which appeared in a 2012 biography, (1) "Richard Saykally-Terahertz Pioneeer", is really not all that far from the truth! I grew up in the tiny resort town of Lake Tomahawk. Mother was the youngest of six daughters born to Bohemian immigrant farmers who spoke no English, and the only one who managed to get an education beyond high school ("normal school"). My father, who almost made it through eighth grade, was the town postmaster. He died of cancer when I was nine, bequeathing his unbridled energy, ear for music, love for parties, and a houseful of musical instruments to his two sons. We lived in a small home behind our grocery store (one of three in town), which was painfully peaceful for nine months of the year, until the throngs of Chicago/Milwaukee vacationers ("Berrypickers") descended from Memorial Day to Labor Day. My brother─15 years older than me─lived with his own family across the railroad tracks. He worked long hours in the store, and his wife helped during those intense summer months, while they raised their four boys, who have been more like brothers than nephews to me.I entered Rainbow grade School when I was almost six. It comprised eight grades, divided between "The Big Room" and "The Little Room," with each room handled by one teacher. Mother had instilled a love of reading in me well before this, and I spent long hours paging through the badly worn volumes of stories, poems, songs, histories, and math that she had kept from her days of teaching at the one-room school in the farming community of Deerbrook, WI. School was much fun for me, but an important favorite activity was reading comic books in the racks at Hank Dunbar's Colonial Tavern (one of the four bars in town), where the kind owner welcomed me to sit on the floor among piles of Tarzan, Looney Tunes, and, my favorite, Classics Illustrated, whenever I wanted.By the time I was ready to graduate from Rainbow grade School, the small towns all around the area had merged their school resources to create Lakeland Union High School, where my freshman class comprised some hundred students, bussed into Minocqua from as far as 30 miles away. By then, my interests had evolved to football, strongly influenced by my big brother, who had been a star halfback on the six-man football team at Woodruff. He taught me the basics of passing, kicking, open-field running, and tackling (all of which I practiced regularly on my poor nephews!). Music had also entered strongly into my repertoire, as my friend Charlie and I formed a rock band with some other friends, calling ourselves "The Vibrations". I spent most of the savings accrued from various odd jobs on a guitar, amplifier, and microphones. We played occasional "dance jobs" around the area. Academics began to take a back seat to these new pursuits, but I managed to graduate from LUHS with grades good enough to get me accepted by several small state colleges with scholarships. Other than playing pro football and becoming a rock star (I was indeed a dreamer!), the only career idea that interested me back then was Forestry. I chose to attend the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire as a Forestry major. Having only the vaguest idea of what I was getting into, my freshman schedule comprised chemistry, physics, biology, math, and English.Upon arriving at UWEC in 1965, I was randomly paired in 333 Bridgeman Hall with a wonderful roommate ("Dave") from Milwaukee, who was a premed major and a football player. My own football aspirations were dashed earlier that year by the discovery that I had a progressive eye disease called keratoconus, which required being fit with contact lenses that were difficult to achieve both comfort and good vision with back then. With some embarrassment, I learned that this disease would automatically and permanently keep me out of the military draft while other friends were getting drafted and routed to Vietnam. Roommate Dave tolerated having our dorm room full of rock band equipment (he nicknamed me "Conway", after famous rocker Conway Twitty), and my incessant whining about the eye problems that kept me from going out for football. We had similar class schedules, but he was on an advanced track, and I was on the slow road. Nevertheless, I really liked my classes, especially Chemistry and English, and both Dave and I made the Dean's List in that first year. I changed my major to Chemistry and got a job working in the Chemistry Department stockroom, pledged a fraternity, and joined the hottest local rock band ("The Caretakers"), when their lead guitar player was drafted into the army. As my undergrad career evolved, I became disenchanted with organic chemistry (all memorization back then!) and was uninspired by the requisite physics and math classes. But I loved English! And in my junior year, I changed my major accordingly! I played lots of band gigs all around the state, and joined the UWEC football team, making the traveling squad as a backup linebacker, but not much else (Coach Link Walker told me that I did not have much talent, but I sure as Hell could take a lot of punishment!).It was during my senior year that reality struck! I loved English, both reading and writing, but realizing that, in such a business, there is no right answer, discouraged me from any long-term plans. I decided to go full-speed back to Chemistry! With the help of the wonderful UWEC faulty, especially Prof. Al Denio, I took a fifth year of physical and analytical chemistry, brought my grades up to a respectable level, and successfully applied to several graduate schools. I accepted an offer from UW-Madison to join their Ph.D. program in Chemistry.When I moved there in the summer of 1970, Madison was a war zone! Known as "The Third Coast"; anti-Vietnam War protests were wild, destructive, and frequent, culminating in the August 23 bombing of the UW Army Math Research Center by the "New Year's Gang", which killed a Physics postdoctoral researcher. But academic life went forward amidst the chaos. I took the four required first-year graduate qualifying exams, passing one (Analytical Chem) at the Ph.D. level and two at the Masters' level. We were required to have at least 3 Ph.D.-level passes before we could join a research group. I audited undergrad inorganic and p-chem classes, took a graduate-level spectroscopy class, and embarked on my teaching assistant career, handling two ca. 30 student sections of the advanced freshmen chemistry class (and loving it!), while interviewing with analytical and physical chem research groups. I decided that I liked Claude Woods' microwave spectroscopy group the best. He rather reservedly agreed to take me─if I passed my two remaining qual exams in the winter round and did OK in my coursework. He suggested an analytical-oriented research project─constructing a "saturation modulation" spectrometer. Things evolved favorably, and I officially joined the Woods group in January.In 1971, Harvard's Bill Klemperer gave a seminar in the department, wherein he described the recent radio astronomy detection of an unidentified emission transition at 89.1 GHz, and its putative assignment to the HCO+ ion, based on the ion–molecule reaction scheme developed by Bill and his student Eric Herbst to explain the surprising but documented presence of polyatomic molecules in interstellar dust clouds. (2) To me, this was the most exciting science I had yet encountered, as it opened the doors to the chemistry of the interstellar medium and even raised new questions regarding the origin of life! Claude and third-year student Tom Dixon designed and built a glow discharge microwave spectrometer and achieved the first-ever detection of a molecular ion rotational spectrum (of CO+)! Claude then redirected his group to work on studying the 89 GHz spectrum, generously including me in the project. It was resoundingly successful! We indeed detected and confirmed the assignment of the "Xogen" line (3) and extended these studies to other species recently detected by radio astronomers, including HNC (4) and HNN+. (5) It was a very exciting time indeed! I decided to become an ion spectroscopist!Finishing my Ph.D. thesis in the Spring of 1977, I headed west to Boulder Colorado, where I had received a National Research Council fellowship to work with physicist Ken Evenson in the Time and Frequency Division of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS, now known as NIST) to study rotational spectra of molecular ions by far-infrared laser magnetic resonance (LMR) spectroscopy. In the two very exciting years that I spent there, Ken and I built an intracavity glow discharge LMR spectrometer and measured the spectra of several transient species formed and excited in the discharge, including the HBr+ ion. (6) Interestingly, while I was preoccupied with this new spectroscopy, Ken and several of his physics colleagues managed to determine the speed of light to its current accuracy! Ken led the NBS effort to measure the frequency of a molecular transition to the ultimate accuracy, while Jan Hall led the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics (JILA) effort to also measure its wavelength superaccurately. Of course, the product of these two quantities yielded the speed of light! That measurement netted the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics for JILA's Jan Hall, but tragically, Ken had passed away by then. In the midst of all this excitement at Boulder, I applied for assistant professorships at a number of universities and managed to get quite a few interview invitations and a number of exciting offers! I accepted the offer from UC Berkeley, and, in June of 1979, I loaded up my old blue Ford station wagon and headed west to California (I had done this trip before after graduating from UWEC, when I hopped on my Triumph Bonneville motorcycle and headed for Route 66! It was a long ride!).I had two research projects in mind for Berkeley, both designed to measure high-resolution spectra of ions of astrophysical interest in discharges. My first group of very talented graduate students comprised one man and five women. We first set up a laser magnetic resonance experiment, similar to that which I had used in Boulder, but employing a large electromagnet with which we successfully detected a variety of ions that were of importance in astrophysics. (7) Subsequently, we employed a mid-infrared color center laser to perform absorption spectroscopy of ions in a discharge tube, but driven by an AC power supply. The electric field in the AC discharge reversed in the respective phases, reversing the velocity of ions, which produced opposite Doppler shifts in the laser absorption. We exploited this effect to selectively detect the ions in the presence of a much higher background of neutral molecules, which did not experience the Doppler shifts. We called this "Velocity Modulation Spectroscopy", and used it to measure vibration–rotation spectra of the HCO+ and HNN+ ions, followed by the first detailed study of H3O+ (hydronium) and NH4+ (ammonium) ions, (8) thus launching a new field of spectroscopy. (7) It was very exciting that Lucy Zuirys joined my group as a joint student with Jack Welch in Astronomy, enabling us to use the Berkeley Hat Creek radio telescope facility for actual hands-on astrophysical searches! The beautiful work done by my early students and postdocs, especially Chris Gudeman, who came to Berkeley from the Woods group, got me tenured in 1983. As my research group grew, we expanded the velocity modulation experiment to longer wavelengths using diode laser technology, led by talented student and cartoonist Martin Gruebele, and successfully studied a variety of negative ions (OH–, NH2–, etc.). (3) During this exciting time, I recall getting a phone call from famous spectroscopist Takeshi Oka from Chicago, who told me that he had just reviewed one of our ion papers, (9) and he actually asked my permission for him to use our velocity modulation technique! Both of our groups subsequently exploited this method to measure detailed spectra of many new ionic species that were of interest in chemistry, biology, and astrochemistry. (10) I greatly benefitted from the close interactions with theorist H. F. Schaefer during this formative time, as his theoretical results guided many of our projects.Shortly after arriving at Berkeley, and knowing of my strong interest in astrophysics, Brad Moore had introduced me to his friend and neighbor, Nobelist Charles Townes in our Physics department, who, in turn, invited me to join his weekly group meetings. I was actually able to fly in the Kuiper Airborne Observatory with them when they took the data that led to the famous discovery of the black hole residing in our galaxy, for which Townes' postdoc, Reinhard Genzel, later won a Nobel Prize! My group's interest in the chemistry of the interstellar clouds led us to investigate laboratory spectra of various types of candidate interstellar species, including ions and pure carbon molecules. The combination of IR diode laser spectroscopy with clusters produced by laser vaporization of solid targets and cooled in supersonic beams, largely in the capable hands of postdoc Jim Heath (who had performed most of the experiments in the Smalley group at Rice, which led to the discovery of Fullerenes), yielded extensive high-resolution spectra of linear carbon clusters up to C13 and various other species, like SiC clusters, which comprised a database for astrophysical searches. (11,12)Another astrophysically motivated project that we developed around this time involved the use of a novel blocked-impurity band (BIB) detector in a liquid helium-cooled infrared spectrometer, which had been designed and built by the George Pimentel group and which I inherited after George's passing in 1989. Student Dave Cook and postdoc Stephan Schlemmer successfully modified this system to study IR emission spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which were of interest as proposed carriers of the "unidentified interstellar infrared" emission bands (UIRs). (13) Subsequent studies (14) characterized several PAHs, which are considered prominent members of the family of organic molecules in the interstellar medium, accounting for ca. 10 to 25% of the total interstellar carbon. (15)In 1987, Postdoc Geoff Blake and my students developed a tunable far-IR laser spectrometer and made the first measurement of the dipole moment of a molecular ion, (16) subsequently employing supersonic beams to study the van der Waals vibrations of weakly bound clusters (such as ArHCl, ArH2O, (HCl)2). (17) These new data enabled Ron Cohen and co-workers to determine the first multidimensional potential energy surfaces for these and other systems. (18) We were then able to measure highly detailed, intermolecular vibrational spectra ("vibration-rotation-tunneling" (VRT) spectra) of water clusters as large as the octamer. (19,20) This led us quite deeply into theory, and in collaboration with several theorists around the world, a product of this work was the determination of "predictive universal potential models" for water. (21)In 1988, Tony O'Keefe, Bruce Mahan's last graduate student, who had worked with us on laser-induced fluorescence of trapped ions, contacted me and encouraged us to try out the interesting new spectroscopic technique that he had developed with David Deacon at Deacon Research Inc., which he called "cavity ringdown spectroscopy." (22) We decided to test the method for measuring the spectra of molecular clusters generated in pulsed supersonic discharges. It worked beautifully, and several students joined the project. We published our first paper on the study of the electronic spectrum of copper dimer and trimer in 1990, which was followed by several detailed studies of metal clusters and other cluster species. (23) While several other groups began to apply O'Keefe's UV–vis cavity ringdown approach for various studies, we extended it into the infrared in 1995 and effectively employed it for the study of water cluster vibrations. (24)Armed with these new techniques and a large group of talented students and postdocs, we were able to address some new subjects that were points of intense controversy in chemistry. One involved the structure of the ammonia dimer. As one of the three textbook examples of hydrogen bonding, the dimer of NH3 had generally been assumed to have a semirigid linear H-bond structure like those determined both theoretically and experimentally for the HF and H2O dimers. In 1985, the Klemperer group managed to collect microwave spectra of ammonia dimers in their pioneering molecular beam experiments, the interpretation of which led them to conclude that the dimer was rigid with a strongly bent (non-hydrogen bonded) structure. In the early 1990s, visiting student Martina Havenith led my group to measure the far-IR VRT spectra of the dimer. These spectra, when later extended by student Jenny Loeser and properly interpreted by Claude Leforestier, Ad van der Avoird, and colleagues, showed the dimer to actually be a highly nonrigid system with extensive quantum tunneling among equivalent structures, but with a canonical linear hydrogen bonded equilibrium structure─just as predicted by essentially all ab initio calculations!The water cluster work led us into several controversial debates regarding the nature of pure water (e.g., the putative liquid–liquid phase transition in supercooled water), and we launched a project led by my student (and now my boss!) Kevin Wilson and LBNL scientist Jim Tobin to measure soft X-ray absorption spectra of evaporation-cooled liquid water microjets to address this subject with a new class of data. (25) With our new X-ray spectroscopy technology, interpreted by state-of-the-art calculations in the hands of David Prendergast, we characterized core-level spectra of water, methanol, and numerous aqueous solutions. The results we obtained were inconclusive regarding the liquid–liquid phase transition that initially motivated the experiments, but we learned a great deal about the structure and solvation in a variety of solutions. (26) Of particular interest is the aqueous carbonate system, for which we characterized the core level transitions for carbonate, bicarbonate, and carbonic acid, which enabled recent surface experiments. (27)During my job interview at Berkeley in March of 1979, a memorable interaction I had was that with Gabor Somorjai. In our conversation, wherein he quizzed me about my "best ideas for research", he admonished me that "All the world is a surface! You should turn your talents to study surfaces!", and placed a pile of his papers in my arms.Gabor was right. My study of the literature (including quite a few of his >1000 publications!) on the subject gave me some new ideas about investigating surfaces. I received an offer to move to UCLA in 1999, shortly after Jim Heath joined the faculty there, and we had begun a collaboration on metal/insulator transitions in nanoparticles. However, Berkeley made me a very generous counteroffer, and I stayed put to set up a state-of-the-art femtosecond lab to apply nonlinear optics to the study of nanosystems and chemical imaging microscopy of surfaces. A new group of students joined this project, and a very fruitful collaboration with Peidong Yang ensued shortly thereafter. We studied single nanowire lasers, (28) exploring their use as a new imaging probe. (29) The nonlinear nano-optics experiments led us to apply more standard techniques to the study of liquid water interfaces and to the behavior of ions at these interfaces, which remains an active area in my group today.Much of our work over the past decade has addressed aqueous interfaces studied by resonant SHG/SFG methods in the deep UV. (30) A major goal has been the development of a comprehensive and predictive mechanism describing the behavior of ions at aqueous interfaces, and considerable progress was achieved via collaboration with Phill Geissler in describing the behavior of a protype negative ion (SCN–) at both the air–water interface (31) and at a graphene–water interface. (32) This was recently extended to toluene and other hydrocarbon interfaces with water with Ilan Benjamin, (33) and efforts are underway to generalize these behaviors to interfacial cations. We have also launched (with former student Craig Schwartz) a project to utilize the evolving international collection of X-ray free electron laser systems to design and perform surface-selective soft-X-ray second harmonic generation spectroscopy experiments on liquid interfaces. (34) One current laboratory project involves the aqueous carbonate system. Building on our X-ray absorption spectroscopy results, surface-sensitive X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of the interface revealed a much higher surface concentration of the doubly charged carbonate compared to that of the monovalent bicarbonate, which conflicts dramatically with conventional wisdom and long-established electrostatic theory. (35) This "reversed fractionation" was recently confirmed with our DUV-DHG studies, which revealed a Gibbs free energy of adsorption for carbonate that is ca. ten times larger in magnitude than that for bicarbonate! Theoretical calculations ascribe this to an "agglomeration" of Na+ counterions around the carbonate in the interfacial region, which shields the otherwise repulsive effects of the high charge. (36) It is exciting to speculate on the generality of this finding for other important multivalent ions, like sulfate and phosphate.Our sophisticated infrared spectroscopy lab also enabled a fruitful collaboration with the Evan Williams group, wherein student Matt Bush (now a UW-Seattle faculty member) was able to combine IR spectroscopy/photochemistry very effectively with state-of-the-art mass spectrometry for a considerable number of experiments revealing interesting solution chemistry. (37)Another exciting effort, which continues to the present, is the study of evaporation from aqueous interfaces made by Raman thermometry. This is a joint project initiated by and continued with the Ron Cohen group. We have studied the evaporation rates of solutions of numerous atmospherically relevant solutes but found little variation from that of pure water, with the dramatic exception of HCl. (38) Current theoretical modeling promises to explain that.This brief biography only sketches the outermost surface layers of my career! I have neglected mention of so many wonderful students, postdocs, colleagues, friends, mentors, and assistants, for which I humbly apologize. Readers can fill in some of these gaps by reading my brief biography written by Peter Siegel (Reference #1), and by going to our research group Web site: http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/rjsgrp/.So... it has been an exciting and fruitful 45 years at Berkeley! As Carlton Howard had instructed me way back in my Boulder days, when I was in agony trying to decide among the several university offers which I was lucky enough to receive, "Saykally! Don't you know that the most important thing for your future survival in this business is the quality of the grad students that you will attract! And Berkeley is the Mecca of Physical Chemistry." How true it is! To paraphrase Elvis Presley, "Thank you Carl! Thank you very much!" And Berkeley has indeed been a truly wonderful place to spend my career, with supercompetent and helpful faculty colleagues who are always ready with sage advice. One particularly influential example came from Alex Pines in my early Berkeley days. Encountering me in the hallway connecting our respective offices one morning when I was sporting a brand-new Hawaiian shirt that I had been given by a friend, Alex put his hand on my shoulder and remarked "Saykally! You already have this place all figured out! If you don't have a bright mind, wear a bright shirt!" Nowadays, I have a whole closetful of very bright Hawaiian shirts!! Thank you Alex!Supporting InformationClick to copy section linkSection link copied!The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpca.4c08426.List of Colleagues of Richard J. Saykally (PDF)Curriculum Vitae of Richard James Saykally (PDF)Publications of Richard J. Saykally (PDF)jp4c08426_si_001.pdf (55.39 kb)jp4c08426_si_002.pdf (161.67 kb)jp4c08426_si_003.pdf (148.35 kb) Terms & Conditions Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html. Author InformationClick to copy section linkSection link copied!Corresponding AuthorRichard J. Saykally - Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States; Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, United States; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8942-3656; Email: [email protected]NotesViews expressed in this preface are those of the author and not necessarily the views of the ACS.ReferencesClick to copy section linkSection link copied! This article references 38 other publications. 1Siegel, P. H. Terahertz Pioneer: Richard J. Saykally. IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology 2012, 2 (3), 266, DOI: 10.1109/TTHZ.2012.2190870 Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.2Klemperer, W. Carrier of the interstellar 89.190 GHz line,. Nature 1970, 227, 1230, DOI: 10.1038/2271230a0 Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.3Woods, R. C.; Dixon, T. A.; Saykally, R. J.; Szanto, P. G. Laboratory microwave spectrum of HCO+. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1975, 35, 1269, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.35.1269 Google Scholar3Laboratory microwave spectrum of formyl(+) ionWoods, R. Claude; Dixon, Thomas A.; Saykally, Richard J.; Szanto, Peter G.Physical Review Letters (1975), 35 (19), 1269-72CODEN: PRLTAO; ISSN:0031-9007. The J = 0 → 1 rotational transition of the HCO+ ion was obsd. with the same app. used earlier for detection of CO+. A discharge in various mixts. of hydrogen and carbon monoxide cooled to near liq.-nitrogen temp. was employed in a slow-flow system. The frequency obtained is 89 188.545 ± 0.020 MHz, but because of the ion drift velocity in the dc discharge this exceeds, by an unknown but small amt., the true rest frequency. This observation confirms the long-standing contention that the radio astronomical X-ogen line is in fact due to HCO+. >> More from SciFinder ®https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaE28Xitl2gtw%253D%253D&md5=130ec810d748c73765605494dd29c9a04Saykally, R. J.; Szanto, P. G.; Anderson, T. G.; Woods, R. C. The Microwave Spectrum of Hydrogen Isocyanide. Astrophys. J. 1976, 204, L143, DOI: 10.1086/182074 Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.5Saykally, R. J.; Dixon, T. A.; Anderson, T. G.; Szanto, P. G.; Woods, R. C. Laboratory Microwave Spectrum and Rest Frequencies of the N2H+ Ion,. Astrophys. J. 1976, 205, L101, DOI: 10.1086/182099 Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.6Saykally, R. J.; Evenson, K. M. Observation of Pure Rotational Transitions in the HBr+ Molecular I
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