Portal de Periódicos da CAPES

Incidence and Evolution

2011; Springer Nature; Linguagem: Inglês

10.1007/978-94-007-2981-0_4

2192-8541

Ramón Spaaij,

Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation

Lone wolf terrorism is not a new phenomenon. Acts of terrorism carried out by single individuals can be found, for instance, in nineteenth century anarchism, with some proponents considering individual acts of violence to be an important part of revolutionary activity [1, 2]. Some leading Russian, Italian, French and German anarchist thinkers advocated a strategy of “propaganda by deed”, urging individuals and small groups to kill those who represented an existing social order [2–4], For example, the Russian anarchist theorist Mikhail Bakunin (1814–1876) argued that since creating a vast and hierarchical organization would inevitably come to involve the use of coercive power, the anarchist revolutionary should preferably act individually or form small groups of like-minded individuals acting on their own initiative.