Models and Theories of Mass Communication. Landmarks in Time
2014; Volume: 6; Issue: 1 Linguagem: Inglês
ISSN
2162-2752
Autores Tópico(s)Italian Literature and Culture
ResumoABSTRACT.The information period with mass diffusion by printed media, appearing in Europe, during the late sixteenth century, and, especially, the emergence and development of audio-visual communications, ending with the Internet, led to a plurality, of a human theoretical views on a dual, spiritual values and social information, such as acquisition of knowledge and power of organization, substance and extent of knowledge, mental interpretation of reality etc. The present article intends to revise the works of the first three journalists: Pietro Aretino from Venice (1492-1556), Theophraste Renaudot (1586-1653) for Europe and Joseph Pulitzer (1847-1911) for the U.S.Keywords: models; theories of communication; first journalistsA human being thinks in accordance with his means of communication, as Marshall McLuhan, Rene Berger, and Henri Wald stated. The mass media makes him sensitive, in a good measure, for a reality or another, by designing events universe and mediated values suggest appreciating or ignoring them, giving the feeling of participation, through information and opinion, in a local, national and global life, overwhelmed, by the news, images, and attitudes.From the perspective of exact sciences - mathematics, physics, geology, genetics etc. - information is defined as the phenomenon of organic and inorganic matter independent of man, marked by anthropy. Communication is omnipresent, but imprecise, marked by uncertainty but it can be structured by systems, ordering codes, cybernetic criteria.The information theory, that of communication and cybernetics, opens generous research horizons, for almost the entire spectrum of sciences and among philosophers, arises appropriate question, whether the information can be the third ontological dimension of the universe, besides matter and consciousness.1. Press - Beginnings in Venice, Condottiere LettersThe print press is the matrix of mass communicators. The appearance of the first periodicals in Venice, first by hand written and then printed and sold for a small coin, entitled gazeta, precedes with three centuries the invention of the telegraph, then, a few more decades until the phone and radio were discovered. From the beginning, this Renaissance product revealed two features of periodicals that will be called Press: information of a large interest and influence upon public opinion, in a certain direction. But, it was the time of condottiere, too, and the first name the history withheld was described as a condottiere letters.The Romanian philosopher, Constantin Antoniade, evoking famous figures of the Cinquecento, that fell in the creation and tensions brought by the transition from the classical era to modernity, the Renaissance humanism, stopped at Pietro Aretino from Venice (1492-1556), presented as first journalist of modem times and, also the first journalist to blackmail. Aretino specialized, himself, in discovering worldly sins of the powerful nobles from the Italian city-states.If they did not pay the asked price, Aretino wrote about them open letters, printed meanwhile, since Gutenberg's invention started to spread. Realizing the force of public scandal, many gentlemen enlisted the services of Aretino, to humiliate their opponents. Titian, contemporary and close friend of Aretino, called it condottiere letters after the name of some captains of adventure' who grouped paid bands putting them into service of people who paid the most. Aretino was considered scourge of principles.Antoniade quotes from Italian critic Arturo Grafs study, Un processo a Pietro Aretino: A new thing was bom, into the world. Francis I who appealed him to stand beside him, Charles the V who put him to ride along, Julius the III who kissed him on his cheek, all others overwhelmed him with gifts and honors and as a matter of fact, they did not bow in front of Aretino, but before a thing they could not name it yet but they felt its force. …
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